tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-64677021966466160652024-03-14T03:38:00.564-07:00The ‘illegal’ arms trade in DRC – do we really want it to end?willy bach poetic thoughtshttp://www.blogger.com/profile/00416401111810947831noreply@blogger.comBlogger1125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-6467702196646616065.post-86536942624497894372012-04-26T17:04:00.000-07:002012-04-26T17:54:35.450-07:00<div dir="ltr" style="text-align: left;" trbidi="on">
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<b><span style="font-size: 16pt;">The ‘illegal’ arms trade in
DRC – do we really want it to end?</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b><br /></b></div>
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<b>May 2006</b></div>
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<span style="font-size: small;">“Let us choose to unite the power of markets
with the authority of universal ideals. Let us choose to reconcile the creative
forces of private entrepreneurship with the needs of the disadvantaged and the
requirements of future generations.”</span><o:p></o:p></h1>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 54.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 378.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Kofi Annan, Secretary-General of the United Nations<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">The Global Compact, Corporate Leadership in the World
Economy<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: small;">“Because the economic dimensions of civil war
have been largely neglected, both governments and the international community
have missed substantial opportunities for promoting peace”.</span><o:p></o:p></h1>
<h1 style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 54.0pt; margin-right: 54.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 378.0pt; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Paul Collier, former Director, Development Research Group
World Bank<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Economic Causes of Civil Conflict and their Implications
for Policy<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
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<b style="text-align: justify;">Introduction</b></div>
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In this essay I seek to address
unresolved issues in respect of the continued supply of weapons, particularly
light arms, into the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC). The most logical
starting point for undertaking this study was to read the UN’s <b><i>Report by
the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other
Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of Congo. </i></b>(UN: 2002)<b><i> </i></b>But
critiques of this document, particularly that by François Grignon, Project
Director, Central Africa, International Crisis Group (ICG), raise challenging
questions that need to be explored. </div>
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It is not so much that the UN report
lacks substance or credibility in what it has to say; it is more pertinent to
note that it was marred by political interference, particularly from France and
UK and that there has been a lack of implementation by<i> any</i> European
nations or the USA. (Grignon: 2003) I ask why this is so and attempt an
explanation. The authors of the 2002 report were subjected to political
interference by major powers on behalf of their domiciled corporations; the
report is flawed in its approach to principal offenders from wealthy developed
countries and from major transnational corporations, focusing instead on
African offenders, as François Grignon explains, as she describes the way in
which France and Britain got their way through a process Thomas Pogge calls
“jurying.” (Pogge: 2006)</div>
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My proposition is that conflicts generate opportunistic
economies that replicate in places other than the original seat of instability,
driven by supply and demand and promoted by the ideology of neo liberal
economics. The same market forces that drive all commercial transactions
motivate those who have weapons to sell. Furthermore, they will find a way to
conduct their business, whatever impediments; trade embargoes and blockades are
put in their way. If profits are high – the risk is worthwhile.</div>
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<br /></div>
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In this essay I use of the term ‘human security’ as
developed by the UN, in preference to the problematic and poorly defined term
‘security’ that is in common usage. The Commission on Human Security, which
concluded its activities on 31 May 2003, recognises the importance of feeling
safe, unthreatened and ‘free of want’ in a complex and interdependent world.
(UN: 2003) <a href="http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.humansecurity-chs.org/</span></a> Military
solutions should be reserved for ‘last resort’ situations, which without doubt
includes the role of MONUK as peacekeepers in Eastern DRC. The ‘Human Security’
of vulnerable civilian populations is often diminished by the presence of
weapons, rather than improved. Only legitimate governments that have the
confidence of civilians and well disciplined personnel can be entrusted with
the ‘management of violence’. In saying this I am aware that these conditions
are rarely met. <b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>UN Security Council Resolution 1325 Women, Peace and
Security 31 October 2000, <a href="http://www.un.org/events/res_1325e.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.un.org/events/res_1325e.pdf</span></a> </b></div>
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In a globalising world, driven by the liberal economic
paradigm, it is impossible to close borders, to limit trade, to forbid the sale
or supply of weapons, or to prevent gross exploitation or to protect human
rights. The manufacturers of weapons are known collectively as ‘defence
industries’. Trade in all products; commodities and services are considered to
be free of any ‘moral value’ in the liberal ethos. In this scenario it becomes
problematic to discuss “illegal” arms. Major arms manufacturers never mention
on their web sites that their products kill people. I offer Raytheon as an
example of this. (Raytheon: 2006) Weapons traders cannot be judged for the harm
their products might do any more than the makers of junk food. These activities
are as normal as any branch of business. </div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">“We at Raytheon are proud of our reputation for
excellence, a reputation based on our commitment to the highest ethical standards”.
<a href="http://www.raytheon.com/about/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.raytheon.com/about/</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<b>The five permanent members</b> <b>of the UN Security
Council</b>, charged with the responsibility of maintaining world peace, are
responsible for 80% of arms sales around the world. (AI & Oxfam: 2003) Key
nations refuse to sign treaties to ban the sale of weapons like cluster bombs
and land mines. <b>Major corporations have legalistic and unenforceable Codes
of Social and Environmental Responsibility. <o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Even where these codes of conduct exist they are
voluntary and enforcement is intentionally inadequate. An intention to enforce
infers that there is a budget to facilitate enforcement activity. Neo liberal
belief in ‘small government’ leads to non-enforcement or voluntary
self-regulation. Commercial imperatives oblige corporations to ‘push the
envelope’ and this includes the so-called ‘End-user Certificate’ for weapons
sales. There is also a marked reluctance in the wealthy developed nations to
investigate or prosecute named offenders, corporations and individuals who were
mentioned in successive UN reports on the conflict in DRC. It is not good for
the export drive, or the quest for resource security, as I will discuss
further. </div>
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I acknowledge too, that Realist grand strategy, resource
security anxieties, as well as the ‘War on Terror’ all play their own
secretive, contradictory and paradoxical parts. The evidence suggests that the
ending of the Cold War ‘liberated’ huge stockpiles of weapons and that the ‘War
on Terror’ has provided governments with a rationale for disseminating more
weapons to ‘friendly’ regimes and to informal ‘partners-of-convenience’, with
the attendant risk of ‘leakage’ of these weapons to ‘unforeseen’ end-users. It
will only be possible in this essay to examine particular aspects and the roles
of several of the major parties, which will serve to illustrate the utility of
my proposition. In discussing the conflict in DRC, I will focus on the roles of
the UN, USA, UK and Uganda, but state very firmly that Rwanda, Zimbabwe,
Belgium, France, China and many others play similar roles in perpetuating this
conflict.</div>
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I have purposely set out to situate the conflict in DRC
in the context of world events and the dominant paradigm of our time, neo
liberal economics. By refusing to isolate the war from its externalities in
this way I hope to provide a clearer and more holistic analysis of the
underlying problems whilst rendering full acknowledgement to the part played by
the wealthy nations of the world. I acknowledge the effects of the ending of
the Cold War, the liberal economic imperatives, globalisation, privatisation,
deregulation and the integration of the military industrial complex in the
domestic economy of nations, which all play roles in the flow of weapons into
conflict zones and the flow of resources out. I intend to start many arguments
that others will want to dispute and test.</div>
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<b>The conflict in the DRC</b></div>
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The conflict in the DRC has been
seldom reported in the mainstream Western media, although academics,
journalists and NGO investigators have written extensively about the
devastating effects of this war on an impoverished, though resource-rich
country and its population. There are numerous estimates of fatalities from the
war and diseases that resulted from the economic and social disintegration.
These range from 3.5 million to 4.7 million between <b>1998</b> and 2005. <b>Displaced
civilians are estimated in millions and refugees seeking protection in
surrounding countries over one million</b>. This is clearly a major
humanitarian disaster and a major conflict in global terms. </div>
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This conflict in the Eastern
provinces of DRC exemplifies what constitutes a war in Africa and exposes the
economic drivers that generally underpin wars.<b> </b>If Ituri Province, North
and South Kivu and Katanga Provinces can be described as ‘war lord economies’
then we should also examine the ‘war economies’ of major nations whose
‘military-industrial complex’ plays a significant role in their general economy
and in the nation’s political life. The parallel has seldom been clearly drawn
in academic studies of the conflict in DRC. This is one of the reasons why no
one has found a solution to ‘illegal arms supply’ that would serve as a
universal template. </div>
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Some efforts are being made to
address the <i>weapons and resources</i> issues, but rarely is the option of
less resource-dependent, more conserving lifestyles in the developed world
considered as an option. Ted Trainer argues that affluent lifestyles with
inherently high demand for an inequitable proportion of the earth’s resources
inevitably lead to conflict. (Trainer:
2002) This argument complements points made by Thomas Pogge, who argues for a
moral responsibility for the way the wealthy world impacts on the majority of
the world’s people. Thomas Pogge illustrates this with the example of France’s
supply of weapons to Rwanda shortly before the genocide and then insisted on
debt repayment from the post-genocide government. (Pogge: 2006)</div>
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The conflict economy, as seen in the DRC, and the
surrounding ‘bad neighbourhood’, creates opportunities to re-distribute weapons
in exchange for anything that is portable and of value. Such weapons, like
those sent by agents of the US government, for example, to the former Sudanese
Peoples’ Liberation Army (SPLA) leader, John Garang, in Southern Sudan, which
are then traded on the Ugandan border north of Kitgum with the Karamojong
nomadic pastoralists, officers of the Ugandan Peoples’ Defence Forces (UPDF)
and the Lord’s Resistance Army (LRA) headed by Joseph Koney and Vincent Otti. </div>
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The weapons are then available to be infiltrated to
militias in Ituri Province, DRC, to allies or clients of the UPDF. During the
course of 2005-2006 persistent reports in Ugandan newspapers and from MONUK say
that the LRA has also relocated one commander, Vincent Otti, and his force of
abducted child soldiers into the Garamba National Park in DRC. This is a most
unwelcome complication for the DRC conflict, offering an excuse for the Ugandan
government to enter DRC in hot pursuit in defiance of UN Security Council
resolutions. The supply of weapons by Uganda’s army through the airfield near
Bunia is routine and well documented.</div>
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<b>The campaign to control the arms trade<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Amnesty International and Oxfam
UK have jointly produced a campaign and the excellent web site <b><i>Control
Arms</i></b> and the book <b><i>Shattered lives the case for tough
international arms control</i></b>. (AI & Oxfam: 2003) The campaign
documents where weapons are coming from, explains how the trade operates and
names some of the trading entities. The premise for the campaign is that the
problem can be meaningfully ‘fixed’ by setting up more stringent rules for
weapons trading. </div>
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Yet, as I will show, the Treaty <b>on
</b>Small Arms, now belatedly gaining momentum, will not do enough to deter
traders whose profits are high and who are currently able to operate with
virtual impunity. There needs to be determined and sustained enforcement of the
treaty with a substantial budget and robust rules of engagement. The treaty,
though desperately needed, is not comprehensive. It has only been a hard-fought
first step. A further weakness, I believe, is the unresolved issue of the
manufacture, sale and use of anti-personnel land mines and other weapons that
have devastating effects on the post-conflict resettlement of civilians for
many years after the conflict. </div>
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I would also mention two
excellent films on these subjects that were shown in late 2005. Hubert Sauper’s
2004 film <b><i>Darwin’s Nightmare </i></b>is a documentary that shows the
routinisation of weapons supplies from Europe arriving at the Tanzanian port of
Mwanza, on the shores of Lake Victoria. Russian Illyushin 76 transport planes
arrive to lift 55 - 500 tons of Nile perch, supplied to EU nations on a daily
basis. The film also demonstrates that the presence of a modern export industry
and a few poorly paid jobs still leaves most inhabitants of the town of Mwanza
and surrounding areas so desperately impoverished that they cannot afford to
eat the fish themselves. The weapons were for destinations in Angola and DRC. <a href="http://www.darwinsnightmare.com/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.darwinsnightmare.com/</span></a>
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The other film was shown as an AI fundraiser for the
Control Arms campaign. Andrew Niccol’s <b><i>Lord of War, </i></b>starring
Nicholas Cage, charts the career of a Ukrainian American, Yuri Orlov, who
becomes a major arms supplier to (unnamed) African despots (one probably being
Charles Taylor). Although the story is fictionalised the film accurately
portrays the machinery of the business. A diligent American Interpol
law-enforcement officer hunts Cage around the world, only to find that the
trader is released on the orders of his superiors, as Cage is ‘useful’ to the
US government in some of its covert dealings. <a href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/lordofwar/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.amnestyusa.org/lordofwar/</span></a></div>
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<b>Treaties and agreements<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>The Treaty on Small Arms<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>The Equator Principles<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>The Kimberley Process<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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<b>United Nations is not held in
respect</b></div>
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In a global strategic environment in which the United
Nations is not held in respect and finds its role challenged and obstructed by
major powers, especially the USA, it is critically important that the UN, i.e.
MONUK, must succeed in the peacekeeping role the organisation has undertaken in
the DRC. Furthermore, considerable UN resources have been invested in DRC
maintaining MONUK, the largest peacekeeping force anywhere in the world, and
the task of registering voters and supervising, hopefully, free and fair
elections, all represent major expenditure commitments on the part of the world
community of nations. (Bellamy, Williams & Griffin: 2004; Paris: 2004) Yet there is little political will on the
part of these same nations to seek lasting solutions, especially if these may
inflict some economic costs on their own peoples. </div>
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MONUK is undertaking a high-risk
operation. The peacekeeping includes war fighting in collaboration with
President Joseph Kabila’s notoriously ill-disciplined army. The situation
compromises MONUK in several ways. They could appear to be reinforcing the
status quo, by working with the DRC army, which has committed numerous
atrocities, and now has former rebels serving in its ranks, who had been
disarmed by MONUK. MONUK’s apparent support for the Kabila government could
give the appearance of legitimising a government that came to power through the
use of force, practises systemic corruption and human rights abuses. Perception
management among a frightened and suspicious civilian population is especially
difficult, especially as wealthy donor nations’ aid contributes to Kabila
government viability.</div>
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The elections could still lead to
a renewal of fighting if the outcome fails to please all stakeholders, even if
they are deemed ‘free and fair’ by international observers. While fighting is
still taking place it is arguable that the pending elections may yet prove to
have been premature, although early elections are a specific prescription and
article of faith for some post-conflict reconstruction practitioners. (Paris:
2004) The UN has undertaken the organisation of these elections in spite of
insecure conditions and weak government institutions. This is a task fraught
with risk, including the security of polling booths, election officers,
observers and voters. There is also the risk that, in spite of the expected
high voter turnout, some factions will not be happy with the result and will
return to fighting. Disarmed fighters will have little problem finding fresh
supplies of weapons.</div>
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<b>Demand for resources drives
the economic activities in the developing world<o:p></o:p></b></div>
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Exploration, mining, resource extraction and/or logging
all require large sums in start-up and working capital and usually benefit from
the advanced technology of the developed world. Industries need land, which
generally belongs to indigenous or long-settled people, who are dispossessed
and become displaced. Traditional cultures and lifestyles are not always
compatible with industrial life. These people often own this land communally or
through traditional custom and have difficulties in substantiating their legal
title, as land tenure is informal and poorly documented. </div>
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<div class="MsoBodyText3">
The new industries need labour and security, since the
application of a great deal of physical labour is required. Security is needed,
as the value of the plant and products is substantially greater than
traditional forms of wealth. Resentment is caused by this typical sequence of
events and by the process of repatriation of profits, with little benefit to
local communities. In his 2005 lecture, Tarcissius Kabutaulaka demonstrated
that these phenomena are seen in many regions of the world, calling Melanesia
“the Africa of the Pacific”. (Kabutaulaka: 2005) He could also have described
Aceh before the 2004 Tsunami, for example, as ‘the Congo of the Pacific’. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Many of the world’s resource-rich
regions are sites of extreme poverty and deprivation, as weak and corrupt
governments and their military elites accept/extort
commissions/bribes/facilitations from foreign corporations and keep the money
for their own selfish short-term use. Schools, vocational training, clean
drinking water and modern medical care are conspicuously absent from their
agendas. After years of producing a major share of the world’s oil, Nigeria
remains predominantly impoverished and under-developed with crumbling
infrastructure and no plans for a near future when oil production dwindles and
revenues collapse. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The same can be said in many
other cases. Conflict has resulted from resource extraction, land ownership
issues, ethnic/tribal ‘favouritism’ and environmental impacts and will probably
emanate from the eventual inevitable collapse of these industries, unless
sustainable replacement industries are established and old grievances
settled. In Eastern DRC, where land
titles and mining permits <i>did </i>exist prior to 1998, officers of the
Rwandan and Ugandan armies demanded these be given to them at gunpoint.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The suppliers of weapons are
attracted to such zones of insecurity and conflict, where there is competition
for resources and where they can average down transportation costs by
‘back-loading’ the products of extractive industries in the same vehicles,
aeroplanes or ships. Conflict in the developing world is driven partly or
wholly by demand for products in the rich developed world.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
The role of the developed world</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
There is ubiquitous
consumer-driven demand for the products of strategic rare minerals like coltan
found in DRC. This resource demand enmeshes hundreds of international
companies, some of these household names, in the supply-chain of conflict
resources. “Don’t ask-don’t tell” is a convenient substitute for compliance
with rules like the Equator Principles or the Kimberley Process.(zzz) Consumers
need to acknowledge the contributory role that is played by their demand for
resources and their lack of awareness on origin of ‘conflict goods’ or our role
as suppliers of arms. Tantalum, extracted from coltan, is used in mobile
phones, lap top computers, missile systems jet aircraft and in the mesh that is
inserted into the bodies of people who can afford hernia operations. I include
myself in this and only discovered the composition of the mesh after my hernia
operation.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
For most inhabitants of the
developed world there is a distinct disengagement with issues of empathy with
people in distant countries with whom they do not identify. This may also
explain why the media, particularly entertainment oriented commercial media,
also pays so little attention to conflict in places like the DRC. At the same
time they ignore conflict in Africa there is a war in Afghanistan and later
Iraq in which military personnel from their own country are combatants. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Setting standards for business<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
A number of organisations,
including the UN, OECD and those like Lifeworth, UK and Transparency
International campaign for the introduction of universal standards for
corporate governance and social/environmental responsibility. Whilst I support
these efforts, and believe that these standards must be in place, it must be
acknowledged that such rules will always be weaker than the drive for profits
and shareholder interests. Although such restrictions are urgently needed, they
run counter to the spirit of free enterprise and deregulation and require
robust enforcement (Molander: 1987) Australian companies, like Anvil Mining in
Katanga Province, DRC, Woodside Petroleum in Mauritania and AWB in Iraq
demonstrate that these corporations, and others like them, have a strong
incentive and a willingness to routinely pay bribes “as part of doing
business”.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Yet this willingness to pay
bribes is a two-edged matter. The corporation may get the business, but they
also create an expectation that they will always do this. Asian business people
are known for their willingness to pay bribes and kidnap ransoms, so they are
always asked. American business people can be prosecuted in the USA for bribing
officials. So, corrupt officials are wary and do not always ask for bribes.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
I would include in this
assessment of the impact of the developed world a reminder of the Millennium
Development Goals that are not being met by most of the developed world. Then
there are the ‘odious loans’ by the IMF and World Bank, which were a gift from
wealthy nations to client dictators, like Mobutu Sese Seko President of the
former Zaire, now DRC. Hopeless indebtedness helps to make a convincing
argument for Structural Adjustment Programmes, cutbacks to social investment
and ‘fire-sale’ privatisations. These prescriptions have often had detrimental
effects on developing countries. The ‘aid industry’, in its role as aid
providers and implementation partners, distorts local economies and often delivers
aid for poorly researched out-of-scale projects into the hands of corrupt
officials. </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="margin-top: 12.0pt;">
Military aid, like that given
to the Museveni government in Uganda, by the USA and UK ignores the illegal
incursions into the DRC as well as torture and extra-judicial killing. (Frank
Nyakairu: 2006; US State Department 1999) Military aid has a tendency to
entrench unhealthy co-dependent, neopatrimonial relationships between insecure
dictators and entrepreneurial military officers, especially when family,
kinship and tribal connections are contributory factors. Lt General Salim
Saleh, half brother to President Museveni and Major General James Kazini,
former ‘Historical’ and Army Commander are both listed as major war criminals
in the three successive UN reports on the plundering of the DRC. The powerful
aid donors that control three-quarters of Uganda’s budget make no attempt to
persuade the government to send these people to the ICC in The Hague.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Whilst the UN is trying to
feed the hungry of the world</b>, Secretary General, Kofi Annan is also
advocating for the same neo liberal values and economic prescriptions that
jeopardise all efforts to achieve sustainable and equitable development and
genuinely end poverty. Much of the UN’s work is very commendable but is made
more difficult by member states that do not contribute as much as they promise
at donor conferences. UNHCR sets the standards for dealing with refugees; UN
OCHA carries out vital humanitarian work; WFP feeds some of the hungry, when
they have the food and when they can gain access to conflict areas. But the IMF
and World Bank, with their disastrous out of scale big projects and odious
loans to some of the world’s worst dictators are also part of the UN. Even the
UNDP’s Millennium Goals are permeated with neo liberal terminology.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
Supplying the weapons</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
The supply chain for military hardware also has
particular functions in source-countries, which governments come to regard as
indispensable. Defence industries, as they are known, are beneficial for
employment creation. Privatisation and mainstreaming of weapons manufacture and
the manipulation of political processes all make contributions to the economy.
They are export-oriented growth industries. Little thought is given to their
contribution to making the world a more insecure place. Weapons manufacturers
like Raytheon, Lockheed Martin and BAE Systems create highly skilled and
well-paid workforces and contented constituents help get political
representatives re-elected. </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
These industries also affect the way these representatives
vote, the decisions they make and become an ongoing conflict of interest
through lobbying and corporate funding of political campaigns. The promotion of
these industries in export drives, with government incentives; skilful
marketing and trade exhibitions are encouraged by governments. These
deregulated private corporations engaged in the ‘defence industry’ are part of
the free trade and globalisation paradigm. Exports help to balance trade
deficits. It is all in the (perceived) national interest. St John Kettle
describes these benefits in his study <b><i>Australia’s Arms Exports</i></b>.
Though Kettle is a Quaker, he advances liberal economic arguments in support of
Australian arms manufactures. (Kettle: 1987) </div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3">
In an increasingly high technology society the ‘defence
industries’ have become integral to the civilian economy, with civilian
applications for a number of their products and extensive links with the
research community, think tanks and academia. Computers and software often have
both civilian and military applications. (Hooker (1), (2) & (3): 2005;
Wikipedia: 2006) In the USA the major defence contractors also fund policy
think tanks; Rand Corporation is an example of this. (US Department of State:
2002) The British corporation Reed Elsevier that organises military equipment
expositions also publishes several academic journals. (Esposito: 2004) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Foreign policy objectives, which
are closely kept secrets, play a major role in the movement of weapons. I
endorse the view that developed countries with democratic institutions and
educated electorates have less need for secrecy in their foreign policy. Kate
Burton’s studies of DFAT secrecy in Australia illustrate this point well.
(Burton: 2005) </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
We will wait an interminable
period of time for document declassifications to discover why the USA sold more
weapons in 1998 and 1999 to the dictators of Uganda and Zimbabwe after these
governments illegally sent their armies into the sovereign territory of the DRC
without any provocation. (US State Department: 1999) The US government has also
allowed Kalashnikovs to be sent from Bosnia to Iraq, where their end-users are
not clearly identified and where these people are very likely to be pointing
these weapons at American soldiers. (Traynor: 2006)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
#<b> Realist IR conventional
wisdom</b> is that the Cold War maintained forty-four years of relative peace –
but the Cold War was also a period when many proxy wars were fought and
numerous covert actions. For the purpose of this essay I have not dealt with
the stockpiling and proliferation of nuclear weapons. William Blum and Zoltan
Grossman have both complied lists of military interventions carried out by the
USA.<b> (Blum: 1999; Grossman: 1999) </b>These stockpiles and transportations
of weapons by both sides in the Cold War have left the world with huge
quantities of surplus weapons from both the former East bloc and the NATO
allies. Additionally, the collapse of the Soviet empire led to a breakdown of
governance and disintegration of armed forces in the East bloc and to a huge sell
off of surplus arms to private traders (as enacted in the film <b><i>Lord of
War)</i></b>. The hypothesis that the Cold War was ‘won’ and that this would
lead to peace has proven to be misplaced optimism. Furthermore, every conflict
leaves behind thousands of weapons that can be recycled to be used again in
another place or another context. The 2003 war against Iraq will not be an
exception.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<h4>
The UN Report</h4>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The most logical task in this
study was to read the UN’s <b><i>Report by the Panel of Experts on the Illegal
Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic
Republic of Congo</i></b> and ask the questions that F G asked regarding the
political agendas, the limited objectives and the lack of political will that
signify this and the other UN reports. It is possible to make connections
between the pressures to limit the scope of the enquiry, mainly by Britain and
France, and the lack of any action to arrest war profiteers, arms dealers and
recipients of conflict minerals in any European jurisdiction. It is also
necessary to understand that these nations are also among the top five weapons
traders in the world. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">“At this early stage, the organisers of the
International Conference have given no indication that they will put the issue
of illegal exploitation of resources on their agenda and the methodology
adopted for the Conference is unlikely to allow it. Key culprit states will
most definitely oppose it. Moreover, neither the UN nor the international
community at large enjoys sufficient moral credibility to dictate to regional
countries the inscription of the exploitation of resources on the agenda of the
Conference. The publication of the last panel report was surrounded by
controversy, as Security Council members rushed to exonerate their national
companies of any wrongdoing and have their names removed from the public
documents.</span><span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">10”<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">Grignon: 2003) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US">As she further comments:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">“Yet, for the international community to take the moral high ground
towards its African friends, it would need to exert maximum pressure on its own
companies to at least respect the Organisation for Economic Cooperation and
Development (OECD) guidelines on economic activities in conflict zones and
develop its own legal framework for the prosecution of white collar crimes by
its nationals in African countries. The regulation of resource exploitation in
the Congo is a shared responsibility. It is for the Congolese themselves, their
regional neighbours and their western friends to take their responsibilities
and find the necessary partnership that will promote win-win economic
situations in the region. Unfortunately, if donor countries refuse to take the
lead in this respect and to establish more even-handed policies that will place
the interests of the Great Lakes populations before those of their leaders,
this is unlikely to<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">take place”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 36.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 9pt;">(Ibid: 2003) <b>267</b></span><b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
France in particular, did not
want non-Africans tried for war crimes in relation to activities in the DRC.
The UN report should focus on African war criminals. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
The Lubanga case follows this
pattern. (ICC: 2006?) Much has been written about <b>war crimes</b> committed
by various parties to the conflict, and at last one militia leader, Thomas
Lubanga Dyilo has been arrested to appear before the International Criminal
Court (ICC) in The Hague. Yet many others repeatedly named in UN reports,
guilty of supplying weapons and forcibly ‘recruiting’ children to be trained as
combatants and other war crimes and crimes against humanity, have been allowed
to retain their proceeds of crime and their passports and are not under threat
of arrest.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Major General James Kazini,
former Army Commander, UPDF</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Child-soldiers.org, November 2004<br />
<a href="http://www.child-soldiers.org/document_get.php?id=801"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.child-soldiers.org/document_get.php?id=801</span></a>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 45.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">“Neither Rwanda nor Uganda have seen the direct
budget support delivered by the European Commission or the UK threatened
because of their active involvement in the exploitation of resources in the
DRC”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 45.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; mso-layout-grid-align: none; text-align: justify; text-autospace: none;">
<span lang="EN-US" style="font-size: 10pt;">(Grignon: 2003) <b>34<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Victor Bout has numerous mentions
in the UN reports and may have been one of the dealers who were developed into
the Orlov character in <b><i>Lord of War. </i></b>Amnesty International has
focused studies of his activities and the way these relate to other actors.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 27.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">“In a detailed study,
Amnesty International reveals the role played by arms dealers, brokers and
transporters from many countries including Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina,
Croatia, Czech Republic, Israel, Russia, Serbia, South Africa, the UK and USA.
The study traces the supply of weapons and ammunition to the governments of the
Democratic Republic of Congo, Rwanda and Uganda and their subsequent
distribution to armed groups and militia in the eastern DRC that have been
involved in atrocities amounting to war crimes and crimes against humanity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 27.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText3" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 27.3pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">“Millions have already lost their lives during seven
years of conflict in the Democratic Republic of Congo. Armed men are still
raping, looting and killing civilians – as arms deliveries continue. If the
international community, the UN and neighbouring states fail to halt this
proliferation, the fragile peace process will collapse with disastrous
consequences for human rights," said Kolawole Olaniyan, Director of
Amnesty International's Africa Program.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 27.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 27.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The new report, <b><i>Democratic
Republic of Congo: Arming the east</i></b>, documents evidence that during the
entire peace process in the DRC, military aid has been provided from agents
close to the Rwanda, Uganda and the DRC governments to armed groups and militia
in eastern DRC. The report also provides evidence of the continuing role of
Russian arms trafficker Victor Bout and his close associates, using local
operators, who have secretly armed all sides in the DRC conflict”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 27.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR620082005"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR620082005</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 27.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Amnesty International, 5
July 2005, News Service No 178<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 27.3pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-align: justify;">
<b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Democratic Republic of
Congo: Illegal arms exports fuelling killings, mass rape and torture </span></i></b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">249<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Background<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>#</b>The<b> long-running war
in the Democratic Republic of Congo </b>(DRC) has been much studied and
described by UN agencies, academics, human rights organisations and NGOs. The
conflict has been debated in the British Parliament and other European
parliaments concerned with the large number of casualties and the refugee flows
to neighbouring countries. Some of these debates have concerned the influx of
weapons into the region, keeping the conflict supplied with the modern,
efficient means of killing. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Various estimates claim that
between 3.5 and 4.7 million people have been killed or have died from
preventable diseases, as a result of the conflict in the DRC. Large numbers of
people have dispersed into surrounding countries as refugees or are internally
displaced by the conflict and resultant insecurity. Civilians have been
targeted by all combatants, and women and children are most severely impacted.
Entire districts have been laid to waste. Every superlative applies to the
devastation, the carnage, and the scale of civilian casualties. This war, which
began in 1998, has been described as “Africa’s world war”, due to the
complexity of this conflict, and the roles of numerous stakeholders, the
shifting and sometimes reversing alliances and the number of neighbouring
nations’ armies participating in the conflict.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
#Conflict is incompatible with
development of social infrastructure and a functioning economy.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Large refugee flows destabilise neighbouring
countries, creating ‘bad neighbourhoods’.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Conflict destroys the social structure, governance,
civil society, environment and economy of conflict-involved countries.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal" style="mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-align: justify;">Conflict in poor countries increases the risk of
return to conflict following peace settlements – usually because mediators
inadequately address socio-economic issues. The causes of conflict remain
unresolved.</li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>#</b>The weapons, ammunition
and military equipment necessary for the continuation of the fighting have
almost unfailingly reached the various combatants through various means of
delivery, often involving weapons recycled from the East Bloc’s Cold War
stockpiles, Western military aid, both official and clandestine and military
officers from nations with which Western nations have the closest military
co-operation. UN Security Council – five permanent members are biggest weapons
sellers with 80% of all sales. Other nations trade in the same manner with
relative impunity.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
# <b>Global military expenditure</b>
and arms trade form the <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">largest spending in the world at over $950 billion in annual expenditure</span></strong><b>,
</b>as noted by the Stockholm International Peace Research Institute (SPIRI:
2003),</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
# Key UNSC permanent members are
partly responsible for many of the world’s conflicts. They are also non
signatories to key Conventions, including provisions against nuclear, chemical,
biological weapons, missile-systems, land mines, treatment of prisoners,
torture, trials of war criminals etc.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
#All of these powerful nation
states have supplied weapons to other governments and other parties whilst
these parties are engaged, sometimes as proxies, in conflict, often aggression
against neighbouring nation states. Support for dictators, engineering of coup
d'états, sponsorship of assassinations, terrorist acts, death squads and rebel
groups have also generated arms donations and sales. These activities undermine
respect and legitimacy for international law, international institutions and
the UN. Human security and stability of governance are also diminished.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
#<b> </b>Technological advances
create obsolescence for existing arms stockpiles. It becomes profitable, and a
powerful diplomatic tool, to sell these weapons to selected nation state allies
and to less formal actors, often through private traders with end user
certificates that are likely to be dubious. ‘Official’ wars always leave behind
large quantities of weapons that can be recycled to other ‘tasks’. The liberal
economic model makes this trade legitimate.</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
# The fine line between legal and illegal arms sales
is the existence of an ‘End User Certificate’, which is easily falsified or
circumvented. Arms traders can sometimes work for governments and at other
times independently, enabling them to act with impunity. Back loading is a
logical strategy for traders to reduce transport costs. This was well portrayed
in the recent film ‘Lord of War’ starring Nicholas Cage.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="text-align: justify;">
# Demand
for resources and products from the developing world are an inevitable outcome
of the affluent consumer lifestyle of the developed world. I have an annex
listing the uses of tantalum that includes mesh used to support hernia
operations (such as the one I had in early February 2006). If we are not
inclined to ask where materials are from or wonder why they are so cheap we are
part of the problem of the conflicts generated by globalisation.<o:p></o:p></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>#</b>I have drawn from
impeccable sources, the United Nations, business and academia, but also from a
range of nationalities, including African researchers, women and from a range
of countries which have high technology industries. I have also included
references from radical politics, where their clear, polemic message cuts
through the obfuscation and diplomatic ‘weasel words’ often required for other
writers.</div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>Main<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
<b>List of Regulatory
instruments:<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
OECD – UK National Contact Point,
Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) (Robert Box)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
World Bank</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
UNDP Millennium Goals, Human
Development Index</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Equator Principles</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Kimberley Process – diamonds</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Transparency International</div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;">
Treaty on Small Arms</div>
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More</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-align: justify;"><b><span style="font-size: large;">Conclusion</span></b></span></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<o:p></o:p></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>UN Reports – critiques, interference, omission<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Proposition<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Human security – definitions<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Neo liberal economics<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>UNSC<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Realist ‘grand strategy’<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>‘War on terror’ – ‘partners of convenience’<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Holistic approach<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Consumerism vs moral obligations to the world’s poor<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Conflict economy – ‘bad neighbourhoods’<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Weapons supply<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>** supply of soldiers<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Campaign to control the arms trade<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>UN not held in respect<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>MONUK<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Demand for resources<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Role of the developed world<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Setting standards for business<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Military aid<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>UN feeding a hungry world<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Supplying the weapons (from the 1<sup>st</sup> world)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">To quote from their </span><a href="http://www.newmatilda.com/home/www.thalesgroup.com" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">website</a><span style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">,
‘Thales people around the world are committed to making your high-tech world a
safer place and your future more secure.’ Tell that to the people in Iraq and
Darfur.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;"><a href="http://www.adi-limited.com/">ADI</a> is Australia’s leading defence,
engineering and systems contractor. It has annual sales of AUD$700 million and
employs about 2500 people. Among a host of military products (including ground,
maritime and air systems), ADI manufactures rifle and small-arms ammunition,
grenades, bombs, anti-missile shells, demolition charges, propellants,
explosives, chemicals and missile warheads. It also produces reliable handcuffs
and stun guns.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">And<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">ADI’s corporate office is at Garden Island, NSW, but they have other
facilities in eastern Australia. One of the biggest is in Benalla, Victoria,
where they have invested AUD$160 million. There, they manufacture small-arms
ammunition for rifles, machine guns and cannons; large-calibre ammunition for
naval and field artillery; together with grenades and explosive products. Also
in Victoria, the Australian Government has committed AUD$200 million to ADI’s
facility at Mulwala, where rocket propellants, chemicals and high explosives
are manufactured. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The Managing Director of ADI is one Lucio Di Bartolomeo (also Director of
Thales Australia). Lucio is a qualified civil engineer, an Australian citizen
and he has three children. Chris Jenkins is Director of Operations and enjoys
sailing, the beach and time with his family, Mary-Lou and son, Tom. Kerry Irwin
is Director of Human Resources, and her personal interests include horses,
reading, skiing and tennis. Darryl Page is Director of Land-Ordnance (which
includes the manufacture of ammunition, small-arms weapons, bombs, handcuffs
and demolition devices). He enjoys fishing, fine food and the family. Alan Ball
is Director of Finance. From the UK, he recently became an Australian citizen
and his interests include golf, soccer, kayaking and relaxing with his family. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">Thus, ADI is in the hands of upright, hard-working, family-orientated,
sports-loving people. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">ADI is very much concerned with ethics. They deliver ‘maximum shareholder
value.’ They say that ‘doing business demands ethical behaviour.’ And they care
for the environment. Their statement on ethics does not include anything about
manufacturing products that kill and maim human beings. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">The locals in Benalla and Mulwala have welcomed ADI’s expansion in their
districts. ADI have provided employment in the area, and have put Benalla and
Mulwala ‘on the map.’ ADI Bendigo (Victoria) has helped raise over $13,000 as
part of the town’s campaign to help Leanne Galtieri in her courageous fight
against breast cancer. At the Bendigo plant, ADI manufactures mounts for
machine guns and medium-calibre guns for British Aerospace. <o:p></o:p></span><br />
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Arial, sans-serif; letter-spacing: 0.2pt;">ADI has strong affiliations with the CSIRO and leading
tertiary institutions. Notable partners include Lockheed Martin, General
Electric, Raytheon, BAE Systems and Steyr Mannlicher — all large arms manufacturers.
ADI is an expert in major gun systems.</span><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="text-align: justify;">
<span lang="EN-AU"> </span>References</h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
African names have not been re-ordered, due to ambiguity of
‘surnames’</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have left annotations in for additional information, as
this will assist readers making a choice in detail required.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Kosovo:
"A Wasteland Called Peace"<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.icbl.org/resources/raejune99.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.icbl.org/resources/raejune99.html</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">A report by The UK Campaign for a Transparent &
Accountable Arms Trade on the illegal and immoral American/NATO use of cluster
bombs.<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.nogw.com/warcrimes.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.nogw.com/warcrimes.html</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.controlarms.org/downloads/Activist-toolkit.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.controlarms.org/downloads/Activist-toolkit.pdf</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="text-indent: -27pt;">Adams Phillip, 3 May 2006, Late Night Live, ABC Radio National, </span><b style="text-indent: -27pt;"><i>Votes
Versus Guns in the Congo</i></b><span style="text-indent: -27pt;">, </span><a href="http://www.abc.net.au/rn/latenightlive/stories/2006/1627968.htm" style="text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.abc.net.au/rn/latenightlive/stories/2006/1627968.htm</span></a><span style="text-indent: -27pt;">
accessed 4 May 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Amnesty International, IANSA, Oxfam, Monday 9 January 2006, <b><i>The
call for tough arms controls, voices from the Democratic Republic of Congo, </i></b><a href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/regions/africa/document.do?id=ENGAFR620012006"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.amnestyusa.org/regions/africa/document.do?id=ENGAFR620012006</span></a>
accessed 12 January 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Anjan Sundaram, 20 December
2005, AP, <b><i>Congo Reconsiders Damages Owed by Uganda, </i></b><u><a href="http://www.wtopnews.com/index.php?nid=387&sid=654152"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.wtopnews.com/index.php?nid=387&sid=654152</span></a>
</u>accessed 21 December 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Anup Shah, 2 October 2005, <b><i>The
Arms Trade is Big Business</i></b> <a href="http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/ArmsTrade/BigBusiness.asp"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.globalissues.org/Geopolitics/ArmsTrade/BigBusiness.asp</span></a>
accessed 22 April 2006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Asimina-Manto Papaioannou, 2004-2005, NYU School of Law, <b><i>Transnational
Corporations and Human Rights, </i></b>New York, USA</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Boege Volker, Tuesday 31 May 2005, <b><i>Making Sense of Corporate
Responsibility: Corporate Conduct in Zones of Conflict, </i></b>lecture at
University of Queensland, Brisbane, Australia</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Bridgeland Fred, 2006, <b><i>Leaders finally face justice over war
crimes</i></b>, Sunday Herald, Johannesburg, South Africa, </span><span lang="EN"><a href="http://www.sundayherald.com/54965"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.sundayherald.com/54965</span></a>
accessed 18 April 2006</span><span lang="EN-AU"> </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Burton Kate, 16 March 2005, ABC RN, <b><i>Call for end to 'culture
of secrecy' in foreign policy </i></b><a href="http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1325173.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.abc.net.au/pm/content/2005/s1325173.htm</span></a><b><i>
</i></b>accessed 29 April 2006 </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Busrep, 2003? <b><i>Africa looks askance at SA business
'colonisers', </i></b>South Africa <a href="http://www.dailytenders.co.za/General/News/Article/Article.asp?ID=693"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.dailytenders.co.za/General/News/Article/Article.asp?ID=693</span></a>
accessed 18 April 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Cuvelier Jeroen and Raeymaekers Tim, January 2002,<b><i>Supporting
the War Economy in the DRC: European companies and the coltan trade, </i></b>IPIS
Report, International Peace Information Service <a href="http://www.broederlijkdelen.be/MimeObjects/SharedContento/1000037/ipisrapportwareconen_1009691.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.broederlijkdelen.be/MimeObjects/SharedContento/1000037/ipisrapportwareconen_1009691.pdf</span></a>
accessed 20 February 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">De Vestel Pierre, November 1995, <b><i>DEFENCE MARKETS AND
INDUSTRIES IN EUROPE: TIME FOR POLITICAL DECISIONS?</i></b> Institute of
European Studies of the Free University of Brussels <a href="http://www.iss-eu.org/chaillot/chai21e.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.iss-eu.org/chaillot/chai21e.html</span></a>
accessed 11 May 2006 </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Esposito Joseph J., 2004, <b><i>The devil you don’t know: The
unexpected future of Open Access publishing</i></b> <a href="http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue9_8/esposito/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.firstmonday.org/issues/issue9_8/esposito/</span></a>
accessed </span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN">Essick Kristi, 11 June 2001, <strong><i>Guns,
Money and Cell Phones,</i> </strong>The Industry Standard Magazine <br />
Issue Date: Jun 11 2001 </span><span lang="EN-AU"><a href="http://www.unm.edu/~geog/102/Guns,%20Money,%20Cell%20Phones.doc"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.unm.edu/~geog/102/Guns,%20Money,%20Cell%20Phones.doc</span></a>
accessed 18 April 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Frank Nyakairu, 22 March
2004, The Monitor, <b><i>New Report Pins Profiteering Firms In Congo Conflict</i></b>
<a href="http://www.why-war.com/news/2004/03/22/newrepor.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.why-war.com/news/2004/03/22/newrepor.html</span></a>
accessed 3 March 2006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Frank Nyakairu, 8 April 2006, The Monitor, <b><i>Uganda, DR Congo
negotiations stall </i></b><a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200604100633.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://allafrica.com/stories/200604100633.html</span></a>,
accessed 8 April 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Frank Nyakairu & Hudson Apunyo & agencies, 21 April 2006,
The Monitor, <b><i>Uganda seeks United Nations permission to re-enter Congo<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Frank Nyakairu & agencies, Friday 28 April 2006, The Monitor, <b><i>UN
suspects Uganda is fighting in Congo<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Frank Nyakairu, Friday 3 May 2006, The Monitor, <b><i>UPDF pulls out
of Congo, says Monuc<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Frank Nyakairu, Friday 11-14 May 2006, The Monitor, <b><i>CMI to vet
those going to Iraq</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Frank Nyakairu & Reuters, Friday 19 May 2006, The Monitor, <b><i>US
wants to capture Kony by end of year<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Frank Nyakairu & agencies, Friday 19 May 2006, The Monitor, <b><i>ICC
opposes Museveni peace offer to Kony</i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Global Policy Forum, 5 June 2001, <b><i>Uganda, Sanctions and
Congo-K: Who is Who in Uganda Mining </i></b><a href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2001/0606uga.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2001/0606uga.htm</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Grignon François, 2003, International Crisis Group,<b><i>
International response to the illegal exploitation of resources in the DRC</i></b>,
<a href="http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/peacekeepers/toc/toc4.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">www.un.org/depts/dhl/peacekeepers/toc/toc4.pdf</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Harmon Snow Keith, 30 March 2005, <b><i>IS Yoweri Museveni Working
for CIA? </i></b><a href="http://uganda.blogspirit.com/archive/2005/03"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://uganda.blogspirit.com/archive/2005/03</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Hartung William, 2001, <b><i>The
New Business Of War: Small Arms and the Proliferation of Conflict,</i></b>
Ethics & International Affairs, Volume 15, No 1 (Spring 2001) <a href="http://www.cceia.org/viewMedia.php/prmID/488"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.cceia.org/viewMedia.php/prmID/488</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Hayes Karen T, 14 January 2002, ISS??, Fauna & Flora
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Hayes Karen, Burge Richard, 2003?, <b><i>Coltan Mining in the
Democratic Republic of Congo, How tantalum-using industries can commit to the
reconstruction of the DRC, </i></b>Fauna & Flora International, Global
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<h1 style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-indent: -27pt;">Hooker
John, </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; text-indent: -27pt;">Wednesday 13 April 2005</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-indent: -27pt;">,
NewMatilda,</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -27pt;"> <i>Corporations and war,</i> <a href="http://www.newmatilda.com/home/articledetail.asp?ArticleID=581&CategoryID"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">http://www.newmatilda.com/home/articledetail.asp?ArticleID=581&CategoryID</span></a>=
</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-indent: -27pt;">accessed 15 April 2006 </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -27pt;"> </span></h1>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 27.0pt; margin-right: 0cm; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -27pt;">Hooker John, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; text-indent: -27pt;">Wednesday 26 April 2006</span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -27pt;">, NewMatilda, <b><i>Howard’s
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Hooker John, </span><span style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; letter-spacing: 0.15pt;">Wednesday 3
May 2006</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
NewMatilda, <b><i>Howard’s Australia: The Business of War, 2</i></b> <a href="http://www.newmatilda.com/home/articledetail.asp?NewsletterID=211&ArticleID=1533&email=1"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.newmatilda.com//home/articledetail.asp?NewsletterID=211&ArticleID=1533&email=1</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">HRW, 27 February 2004,</span><i><span lang="EN" style="font-size: 10pt;">US:
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or try <a href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/un/2004/0227abandon.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.globalpolicy.org/empire/un/2004/0227abandon.htm</span></a>
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<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU"> </span><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -27pt;">IPIS, January 2002, </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><i>Supporting
the war economy in the DRC: European companies and the coltan trade, </i></b><a href="http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2343.pdf" style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -27pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2343.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -27pt;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">IRIN News, 11 March 2003, <b><i>DRC: Focus on the proliferation of
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">IRIN News, 18 March 2005, <b><i>DRC:UN seizes weapons in Ituri </i></b><a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=46189"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=46189</span></a>
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">IRIN, 28 April 2006, <b><i>Uganda: Kinshasa Protests Troops
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Kettle St John, 1989, <b><i>Australia’s Arms Exporters, </i></b>Peace
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Lawrence Shannon, Medeiros Michelle, Reisch Nikki, RAID, March 2006<b><i>,
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">OXFAM, 27 January 2006, <b><i>Five
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Paris
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pogge Thomas, 2005, <b><i>Recognised
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pogge Thomas, 2005, <b><i>Moralizing
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.raid-uk.org/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.raid-uk.org/</span></a>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Rights and Accountability in
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Redfern, Global Policy
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Reno William, 1 August 2002,
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Robert Muggah, Peter
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sam AmAnyire, 19
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<span lang="EN-AU">Singer PW, 2003, <b><i>Corporate Warriors, the rise of the
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Thokozani Thusi, 2003, ISS, <b><i>Assessing
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Traynor Ian, 12 May 2006,
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UN, (Expert panel appointed
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<span lang="EN-AU">United Nations Association – UK, 2003?,<b><i> Kleptocracy in the
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">US Department of State,
2002, <b><i>The Role of Think Tanks in U.S. Foreign Policy</i></b>, volume 7,
No 3, November 2002<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Vehnamaki Mika, 2002, <b><i>Diamonds
and warlords: The geography of war in the Democratic Republic of Congo and
Sierra Leone, </i></b>Nordic Journal of African Studies 11 (1): 48-74 (2002),
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">Weiss Herbert F, Caryannis Tatiana, 2004, <b><i>Restructuring the
Congo, </i></b>Journal of International Affairs, Fall 2004 v58 il p 115(27),
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Wikipedia, 2006, <b><i>Military of the United States</i></b>, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/United_States_Armed_Forces</span></a>
accessed 21 April 2006</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 27.0pt; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Wikipedia, 2006, <b><i>Arms Industry, </i></b><a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_trade#Top_8_arms_exporters_in_2004"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arms_trade#Top_8_arms_exporters_in_2004</span></a>
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<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="text-indent: -36pt;">Amalric
Franck, January 2005, Center for Corporate Responsibility, CCRS, University of
Zurich, Switzerland, </span><b style="text-indent: -36pt;"><i>Working Paper No 01/05, The Equator Principles: A
Step Towards Sustainability? </i></b><a href="http://www.humanrights.ch/cms/upload/pdf/050726_equatorprinciples_uniZH2005.pdf" style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.humanrights.ch/cms/upload/pdf/050726_equatorprinciples_uniZH2005.pdf</span></a><span style="text-indent: -36pt;">
accessed 16 October 2005</span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Amnesty
International & OXFAM UK, 2002, <b><i>Shattered Lives, The Case for Tough
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Amnesty
International<b><i>,</i></b> 1999<b><i> Rwanda the Hidden Violence,</i></b> <b><i>III.2
Weapons and military equipment fuelling the conflict</i></b>, <span style="color: green;"><a href="http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/rwanda/III2.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/rwanda/III2.htm</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72680339"></a> </span>accessed 30 September 2005</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Amnesty International,
February 2003, <b><i>Open letter to all members of parliament in Uganda urging rejection of
the impunity agreement with the USA concerning the International Criminal Court</i></b>,
New York, <a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engafr590082003"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engafr590082003</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt71381945"></a> accessed 3 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Amnesty International, 2003,
<b><i>Report,
Uganda, 2003</i></b>, </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/Uga">http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/Uga</a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Amnesty International, 2004,
<b><i>Report, 2004, Uganda</i></b>, <a href="http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/uga-summary-eng"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/uga-summary-eng</span></a>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Amnesty
International, July 2005, <b><i>DRC: Illegal arms exports fuelling killings,
mass rape and torture</i></b>, <a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR620082005" target="_new"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR620082005</span></a>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Badru Mulumba<b> </b>D., The Monitor,<b> </b>Thursday 14 November 2002, <b><i>Porter Inquiry, Kampala, Uganda</i>: </b>As
reported in The Monitor, figures for Ugandan production and export appeared in
the UN Panel of Inquiry Report, April 2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Bellamy
A, Williams P, Griffin S, 2004, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Understanding Peacekeeping, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Polity
Press, Oxford, UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Boubacar
N’Diaye, 2002, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">How Not to Institutionalize
Civilian Control: Kenya’s Coup Prevention Strategies, 1964-1997</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
The Journal of Modern African Studies (2002), 40: 321-344 Cambridge University
Press <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Blum W, 2002, <b><i>Rogue
State</i></b>, P137-8, The Congo/Zaire, 1960-65, 1977-78 - Relates to covert
CIA support for the regime of Mobutu<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Brown David,
2000, <b><i>Contemporary Nationalism Civic, Ethnocultural & Multicultural
Politics, </i></b>Routledge, London, UK, p 107-125<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Cellular News,
(undated), <b><i>Coltan Gorillas and Cellphones</i></b>,<b><i> </i></b><a href="http://www.cellular-news.com/coltan"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.cellular-news.com/coltan</span></a>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 42.55pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">“Coltan, short for
Columbite-tantalite is a metallic ore comprising Niobium and Tantalum” “The
tech boom caused the price of Coltan to rocket to as high as US$600 per
kilogram at one point, compared to a previous value of US$65 per kilogram,
although it has settled down to around US$100 per kilogram at the moment. A Coltan
miner can earn as much as US$200 per month, compared to a typical salary of
US$10 per month for the average Congolese worker” “The main area where Coltan
is mined also contains the Kahuzi Biega National Park, home of the Mountain
Gorilla”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="WW-BodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">CIA Factbook, 9 August 2005,
<a href="http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html</span></a>
accessed 17 August 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Clarke
Walter S, date, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Waiting for ‘The Big One’:
Confronting Complex Humanitarian Emergencies and State Collapse in Central
Africa </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(MORE)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Coalition for the
International Criminal Court, <b><i>US Bilateral Immunity or So-Called “Article
98” Agreements, </i></b>13 June 2003, <a href="http://www.iccnow.org/pressroom/factsheets/FS-CICC-BIAs13June03.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.iccnow.org/pressroom/factsheets/FS-CICC-BIAs13June03.pdf</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt71382515"></a> accessed 3 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Coolidge J &
Rose-Ackerman S, World Bank, 2004, <b><i>High-level rent-seeking and corruption in
African regimes: theory and cases (Policy Research Working Paper),</i></b> <a href="http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDS_Ibank_Servlet?pcont=details&eid=000009265_3970909143005"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www-wds.worldbank.org/servlet/WDS_Ibank_Servlet?pcont=details&eid=000009265_3970909143005</span></a>
accessed 11 September 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Curtis
Mark, 2004, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Unpeople, Britain’s Secret
Human Rights Abuses, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Vintage, London, UK</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Cuvelier Jeroen and
Raeymaekers Tim, January 2002, INTERNATIONAL PEACE INFORMATION SERVICE (IPIS<i>)</i>, <b><i>Supporting the War Economy in the DRC – European Companies and the
Coltan Trade</i></b><i>, </i><a href="http://users.skynet.be/ipis/mainuk.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://users.skynet.be/ipis/mainuk.htm</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72680565"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72748179"></a>, unable to access
9 October 2005 <i>“</i>Private military
companies and mercenaries; mining companies and mining operations in
Congo-(Zaire), Congo Brazzaville, Angola, Sierra Leone and Liberia, and their
influence on warring parties; private arms trade, arms brokering and
uncontrolled arms flows, mainly to conflict regions in Africa; the role of
private airlines in arms trafficking; organised crime and conflicts; non-state
parties and conflicts”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">de
Hoyos</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> L, July
16, 1999, <b><i>London Prolongs War in Congo</i>, <i> </i></b>From Executive Intelligence Review<b><i>, </i></b>Great
Lakes Press, 1998-1999, <a href="http://pages.infinit.net/glp/documents/de_Hoyos_EIR-02e.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://pages.infinit.net/glp/documents/de_Hoyos_EIR-02e.html</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt71385374"></a> accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">de Hoyos</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> L, 19 December, 1998 (i), <b><i>Can
the destruction of Africa be stopped?, </i></b>Schiller Institute and the
African Civil Rights Movement, New York, <b><i><br />
</i></b><a href="http://www.aboutsudan.com/conferences/african_civil_rights/ldh_acr_1999.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.aboutsudan.com/conferences/african_civil_rights/ldh_acr_1999.htm</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt71378430"></a> accessed 4 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> suggests US support for Ugandan
intervention in DRC and support for SPLA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">de
Hoyos</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> L, 18 November, 1998 (ii), EIR TALKS (EIR Counterintelligence,
USA), <a href="http://www.aboutsudan.com/interviews/linda_de_hoyos.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.aboutsudan.com/interviews/linda_de_hoyos.htm</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Kazini, nephew of Museveni,
who was sponsored into power by Britain and is backed by USA in his war in DRC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">DeKalb,</span><strong><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></i></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">1998,
</span></strong><strong><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The military's managed
transition to "civilian rule" in the Gambia,</span></i></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <i><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Willys/Mis%20documentos/from%202GB%20drive/Post%20Graduate%20Research/DRC%20Essay%20and%20misc/POLS%203802%20%20main%20essay.doc"><em><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">Abdoulaye
S M Saine</span></em></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt68958247"></a></i>.
<a href="file:///C:/My%20Documents/Willy's%20%20Documents/pqdlink%3fRQT=318&pmid=22537&TS=1081158409&clientId=20806&VType=PQD&VName=PQD&VInst=PROD"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Journal of Political and Military Sociology</span></a>, <a href="file:///C:/My%20Documents/Willy's%20%20Documents/pqdlink%3fRQT=572&VType=PQD&VName=PQD&VInst=PROD&pmid=22537&pcid=917874&SrchMode=3"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Winter 1998</span></a>.
Vol.26, Issue. 2; pg. 157, 12 pgs</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Delpechin
Jacques, October 22, 2003, <b><i>Resources, Conflicts, Reconstruction A
Congolese Global Perspective, </i></b>Znet Africa, * Jacques Depelchin is with
the Ota Benga International Alliance for Peace in the Congo. * This is a
summary of a presentation at the Symposium, Futures of Southern Africa,
Windhoek, Namibia, Sept 15-17, 2003, <a href="http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=2&ItemID=4376"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=2&ItemID=4376</span></a>
accessed 16 September 2005 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Des Forges
Alison - <b><i>Report on Human Rights Abuses in DRC,</i></b><span style="color: maroon;">
</span><u><span style="color: blue;">http://www.hrw.org/press/2001/03/drc0328.htm</span></u>
"Uganda sent its troops into Congo supposedly to
assure its own security, but in the process, it has caused greater insecurity
for its unfortunate neighbours."<b> </b>Alison Des Forges Senior Advisor at the
Africa Division of Human Rights Watch <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -2.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> "Children are being abducted and sent to
battle by the very soldiers who are supposed to protect them. RCD-Goma must
live up to its agreements to end this terrible practice."</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <u><span style="color: blue;">http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/drc3
</span></u>(New York, May 29, 2001) The major rebel group in eastern Congo
continues to recruit children to wage war against the Congolese government,
Human Rights Watch <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -2.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.0pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">“From Atlantic and Oriental Slavery (as
globalization was practiced then) to the current destruction observed in the
DRC, in Africa, in the USA and many other places on the planet, we can learn
more quickly from our specific histories if we approach them from a perspective
which reveals the similarities: the search for resources be they slaves,
rubber, diamonds, coltan, oil, timber, water or uranium shall always trigger
conflicts. Conflicts and wars of conquest will erupt in order to access
resources. The resulting violence will end with destruction. Conquering states,
colonizing states, pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial, have been the central
tools for carrying out these looting processes”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dummett Mark, BBC,
January-March 2003, Focus on Africa, <b><i>Fat of the Land, Zimbabwean troops left
Mbuji-Mayi to a great fanfare and with accusations that their country had
profited from the war,</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Elkins
Carline, 2005, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Britain’s Gulag, The Brutal
End of Empire in Kenya, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pimlico, London, UK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Fisun O
& Petro J, 24 October 2003,</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">DEVELOPING DEMOCRACY OR COMPETITIVE NEOPATRIMONIALISM? THE POLITICAL
REGIME OF UKRAINE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE</span></i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Kharkiv, Ukraine</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.utoronto.ca/jacyk/Fisun-CREES-workshop.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.utoronto.ca/jacyk/Fisun-CREES-workshop.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">accessed
11 September 2005</span></h1>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Gershoni
Y, 1996,</span><i style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></i><i style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">The changing pattern of military take-overs in sub-Saharan Africa,</span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Armed Forces and Society</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">. New Brunswick: Winter
1996. Vol.23, Issue 2; pg. 235, 14 pgs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Global Policy Forum, 14 January 2002,</span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <i>NGOs
Call for Embargo on Coltan from DRC War Zones, </i></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/generaldebate/2002/0114coltan.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/generaldebate/2002/0114coltan.htm</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72679738"></a> accessed 18 September 2005</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> “A UN panel of experts
investigated trade by European companies in DRC coltan, but the Security
Council last year declined to take action. "European countries have a
special responsibility, they must take emergency initiatives," he said.
"Front-line European companies such as Alcatel, Nokia and Siemens must be
certain that the coltan arriving from war zones is eliminated from their
production lines." “There is a direct link between the war in the Congo
and the coltan trade," said DRC university professor Apollinaire
Malu-Malu. <b>The NGOs said they based their
call on studies by the London-based International Peace Information Service
(IPIS) which "demonstrated that European companies buying coltan from
these zones are contributing to the financing of the DRC war." </b>The
IPIS named Belgian companies Cogecom and Sogem, Masingiro GmbH of Germany,
Chemie Pharmacie Holland, and the Swiss offshore company, Finmining”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Global Policy
Forum, 23 October 2002, <b><i>DRC Loses $8m Pa on Diamonds</i></b><i>, </i><a href="http://www.news24.com/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">News24</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt32056177"></a>, <a href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2002/1028loses.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2002/1028loses.htm</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72679135"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72679182"></a><b> </b>accessed 18 September 2005<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
“</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Since
the outbreak of war in the Democratic Republic of Congo four years ago, the
vast central African country has lost some $800m a year to fraudsters, who
illegally export diamonds, the deputy minister for mining and oil has said.
"Our country, the world's leading producer of industrial diamonds, has
lost $800m a year since the start of the war of aggression" in 1998,
Ambroise Mbaka said late on Monday, citing statistics published by the High
Diamond Council, based in the northern Belgian city of Antwerp”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Gutman R,
Rieff D (editors), 1999, <b><i>Crimes of War</i></b>, WW Norton & Co,
New York & London, P 76-79 Child Soldiers - just one of the routine
practices that comprise war crimes and crimes against humanity in the war in
the DRC.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Hansard,
British Parliament, 3 April 2003, <b><i>Norman Lamb asked Secretary of State
Question regarding United
Kingdom-based companies UN expert panel report (81318) DRC, Ituri Province, </i></b><u><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.natural-resources.org/minerals/law/docs/pdf/UN_NR_Exploit_DRC_1.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.natural-resources.org/minerals/law/docs/pdf/UN_NR_Exploit_DRC_1.pdf</span></a> - - <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.appggreatlakes.org/downloads/sessional"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.appggreatlakes.org/downloads/sessional</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> accessed 9 October 2005 - and</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldhansrd/vo030403/text/30403-25.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldhansrd/vo030403/text/30403-25.htm</span></a>
accessed 11 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Harmon Snow Keith, 2005, <b><i>Rwanda's Secret War: US-Backed
Destabilization of Central Africa</i></b> <a href="http://www.ww4report.com/105/africa/rwandawar" target="_new">http://www.ww4report.com/105/africa/rwandawar</a>
accessed 12 October<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Hartung William D. and Moix
Bridget, January 2000, the Arms Trade Resource Center, <b><i>Deadly Legacy: U.S. Arms to
Africa and the Congo War, </i></b>World Policy Forum, <a href="http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/congo.htm#military"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/congo.htm#military</span></a>
accessed 4 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Herman Edward S, Chomsky
Noam, 1980, <b><i>The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism – The Political
Economy of Human Rights: Volume I, </i></b>Hale & Ironmonger, Sydney, p32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Horvath John, 9 July 2002, <b><i>Borne by Blood The other -- and
often bloody -- side of the "digital revolution",</i></b> Heise
Zeitschriften Verlag GmbH & Co.KG, last modified: 12.12.2002, accessed 19 May 2004, <a href="http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/12860/1.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.heise.de/tp/english/inhalt/te/12860/1.html</span></a>
accessed 10 October 2005</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
HRW, 1989, <b><i>Angola, </i></b><a href="http://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Angola.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Angola.htm</span></a>
accessed 18 October 2005<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
HRW<b>, </b>Human Rights Watch, 19 January 2001, <b><i>Laurent
Kabila’s Human Rights Legacy,</i></b> <b><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/congo/kabila-legacy.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/congo/kabila-legacy.htm</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72679062"></a> </span></u></b>accessed 10 October 2005</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
HRW,
Human Rights Watch, 2003, <b><i>Report, Uganda, 2003,</i></b> New York</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><i> </i></b>– very critical regarding the roles of
USA and Britain </div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
HRW, Human Rights Watch, June 2005, <b><i>DRC: Gold Fuels
Massive Human Rights Atrocities, Leading international corporations established
links to warlords,</i></b> <a href="http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/06/02/congo11041.htm" target="_new"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/06/02/congo11041.htm</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
HRW, Human Rights Watch, July 2005, <b><i>DRC: Arming
Civilians Adds Fuel to the Fire,</i></b> <a href="http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/07/12/congo11314.htm" target="_new"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/07/12/congo11314.htm</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">HRW, Human Rights Watch, 2003<i>, <b>Report, Uganda 2003 - V. HUMAN RIGHTS
VIOLATIONS BY UGANDAN GOVERNMENT FORCES</b>, </i></span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/uganda0703/uganda0703a-05.htm">http://www.hrw.org/reports/2003/uganda0703/uganda0703a-05.htm</a>
</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">accessed
10 October 2005</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">HRW,
Human Rights Watch, 2001, <b><i>World Report 2001: Democratic Republic of
Congo, </i></b></span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ugandan Occupation Worsens Congo's Problems</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/africa/drc.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/africa/drc.html</span></a>
</span></u>accessed 31 September 2005<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">HRW, Human Rights Watch, 1999, <b><i>Arms and Abusive End Users</i></b>,
<u><a href="http://www.hrw.org/worldreport99/arms/arms4.html"><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.hrw.org/worldreport99/arms/arms4.html</span></u></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72743999"></a></u> accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Huntington, Samuel, 1968, <b><i>Political
Order in Developing Societies,</i></b> New Haven, Yale University Press,
chapter 4, pp. 192-263<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
ICJ,
Wednesday 13 April 2005, Public sitting held on 2005, at 3 p.m., at the Peace
Palace, President Shi presiding, <b><i>in the case concerning Armed Activities
on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)</i></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">IRIN, 21 October 2002, <b><i>Uganda: Budget cuts aimed at boosting war against rebels,</i> </b><a href="http://www.africahome.com/annews/categories/economy/EpFVkFyyEpfsVOnHob.shtml"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.africahome.com/annews/categories/economy/EpFVkFyyEpfsVOnHob.shtml</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt73780551"></a> accessed 9 October 2005<i><o:p></o:p></i></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Irin News, UN, 17 January
2003, <b><i>DRC: Chronology 2002</i></b>, Nairobi, <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=31774&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=31774&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72744215"></a> accessed 19 September 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">IRIN NEWS, 19
July 2002, <b><i>DRC-RWANDA-UGANDA: Mandate of UN expert panel on resource
exploitation extended,</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=28912&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=DRC-RWANDA-UGANDA"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=28912&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=DRC-RWANDA-UGANDA</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Irin News, UN, 14 August
2002<b> <i>DRC-UGANDA:
Mandate of Ugandan judge's plunder probe extended,</i></b><i> </i>NAIROBI (IRIN), <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=29332"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=29332</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72746752"></a> accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">IUCN, 19
February 2001, <b><i>IUCN calls for a ban - Coltan mining threatens World Heritage sites in
the Democratic Republic of Congo, </i></b><a href="http://www.iucn.org/info_and_news/press/coltan.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.iucn.org/info_and_news/press/coltan.html</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt73784114"></a> accessed 19 September 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Lifeworth, UK,<b><i> 2002 Lifeworth Review of
Corporate Responsibility, Rumbles From The Jungle</i></b></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.jembendell.com/lw2002/autumn2.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.jembendell.com/lw2002/autumn2.html</span></a>
accessed 20 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mackinlay
John, 2000, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Defining Warlords, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">PK
7. (1), 2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mohammed Ayoob,
January-March 2004 <b><i>Third World perspectives on humanitarian intervention and international
administration, </i></b>Global Governance, v10il p99(20), Lynne Riener
Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
“D.R.C.’s relations with
neighboring countries have often been driven by security concerns, leading to
intricate and interlocking alliances. Domestic conflicts in the Central African
Republic, Sudan, Uganda, Angola, Rwanda, and Burundi have at various times
created bilateral and regional tensions. The current crisis in eastern D.R.C.
has its roots both in the use of the Congo as a base by various insurgency
groups attacking neighboring countries and in the absence of a strong Congolese
Government with a military capable of securing Congo’s borders. The war has
been exacerbated and prolonged by the exploitation of Congo’s resources by
neighboring countries”.</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The 159-page report, “<b><i>The
Curse of Gold</i></b>,” documents how local armed groups fighting for the
control of gold mines and trading routes have committed war crimes and crimes
against humanity using the profits from gold to fund their activities and buy
weapons. The report provides details of how a leading gold mining company,
AngloGold Ashanti, part of the international mining conglomerate Anglo
American, developed links with one murderous armed group, the Nationalist and
Integrationist Front (FNI), helping them to access the gold-rich mining site
around the town of Mongbwalu in the northeastern Ituri district. HRW 2005</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">MONUC, <b><i>Home Page</i></b> <a href="http://www.monuc.org/Home.aspx?lang=en"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.monuc.org/Home.aspx?lang=en</span></a>
accessed 17 August 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Map, Democratic Republic of
Congo, <a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/drcongo.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/drcongo.pdf</span></a>
accessed 17 August 2005 (see attachments to this briefing paper)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">MONUC News, 9 August 2005, <span class="standardtext"><b><i>Recent Global witness' report on the illegal exploitation of DRC's
natural resources is the main subject covered by today's local press. Some
papers also cover the current voter identification and registration operations
in DRC provinces</i></b></span>, <a href="http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=7906"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=7906</span></a>
accessed 17 August 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mucoori P. Matsiko wa,
Ssenkaaba<b> </b>Stephen, 21<b><i> </i></b>May,
2002<b><i>
Kazini Telling Lies - Porter </i></b>The Monitor Kampala, <a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200205210196.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://allafrica.com/stories/200205210196.html</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72688338"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72688344"></a><b> </b>accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nafziger E Wayne, Uuvinen
Juha, 2003, <b><i>Economic Development, Inequality, and War Humanitarian Emergencies in
Developing Countries, </i></b>Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Chapter 6, p114,
126-131 Military Centrality, 6.3, p90-99, Inequality, Exclusivity and Relative
Deprivation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nederlandse
Commissie Voor Internationale Natuurbescherming, ed Esther Blom et al</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2000, </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nature
in War, Biodiversity Conservation During Conflicts</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
Utrecht, p21-38 and p39-56. Notably<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Neuberger
Benyamin, 1995, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">National self-determination:
dilemmas of a concept, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nations and Nationalism 1 (3), 1995, 297-325,
The Open University of Israel, Tel Aviv, Israel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Oginga
Odinga, 1967, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Not Yet Uhuru, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Heineman
Educational Books Ltd, London, UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Oxfam, 2002, <b><i><a href="http://www.oxfam.org.uk/policy/papers/drc/povertywealth.htm"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Poverty in the midst of Wealth</span></a></i></b> (DRC), Briefing
Paper, <a href="http://www.padrigu.gu.se/EDCNews/Reviews/DRC-OXFAM.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.padrigu.gu.se/EDCNews/Reviews/DRC-OXFAM.html</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
An Oxfam report highlights the triangular link
between extraction of natural resources, human suffering and the peace process
in DR Congo. The 1999 Lusaka peace accord does not incorporate the
natural-resource issue (which is part of the reason for its failure). It is
argued that an addendum must be made to handle that issue. The report contains
explicit recommendations to donor governments and agencies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Peck John E,
(undated), <b><i>Remilitarizing Africa for Corporate Profit, Foreign Policy,</i></b>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.bulatlat.net/news/3-27/3-27-reader-intro.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.bulatlat.net/news/3-27/3-27-reader-intro.html</span></a>
accessed 11 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Perkins John,
2004, <b><i>Confessions of an Economic Hitman, How the U.S. Uses Globalization
to Cheat Poor Countries Out of Trillions, </i></b>Democracy Now (interview with
Amy Goodman (31 December 2004, <a href="http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/12/31/1546207"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/12/31/1546207</span></a>
accessed 11 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span class="presenter1"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Regan C, 2002, </span></span><span class="presenter1"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">80:20 development in an
unequal world, </span></i></span><span class="presenter1"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">80:20 Educating &
Acting for a Better World, Co Wicklow, Ireland, 237-253 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Robertson G,
1999, 2000, <b><i>Crimes Against Humanity</i></b>, Penguin Australia, P63-64 President
Mobutu of Zaire fails to account for human rights abuses, P73 President Mobutu
of Zaire given international aid to care for Rwandan refugees - used the money
for his own personal gain. Refugee camps
run by Interhamwe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The American Non Government
Organizations Coalition for The International Criminal Court<b><i>, </i></b>2002,
<b><i>Bilateral
Immunity Agreements</i></b>, </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">http://www.amicc.org/usinfo/administration_policy_BIAs.html</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> accessed 3 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Todd
Judith, 1967, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Rhodesia, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">MacGibbon
& Kee/Panther, London, UK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Trainer T, 2
July 2002,<b><u><span style="color: blue;"> </span></u><i>If You Want Affluence, Prepare for War, </i></b>University
of NSW, Kensington, Australia, Published in Democracy and Nature, 8, <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.artsunsw.edu.au/tsw/D62IfYouWantAffluence.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.artsunsw.edu.au/tsw/D62IfYouWantAffluence.html</span></a>
</span></u>accessed 9 October 2005<u><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UN Reliefweb<b>, <i>DRC:
Uganda accused of violating UN charter by entering DRC</i></b>, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://wwww.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/6686f45896f15dbc852567ae00530132/8c12f28fe5c94adcc1256a9a0035835b?OpenDocument"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://wwww.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/6686f45896f15dbc852567ae00530132/8c12f28fe5c94adcc1256a9a0035835b?OpenDocument</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72677754"></a> accessed 19 September 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UN DPKO MONUC
Mission <a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/monuc/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/monuc/</span></a>
accessed 17 August 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UN Security
Council, <b><i>Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural
Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(S/2001/357), </i></b>12 Apr 2001, S/2001/357 Letter dated 12 April 2001 from
the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UN, 2002<b>, UN Report on looting of the Congo by
foreign armies: <i>*Cursed by Riches: Who
Benefits from Resource Exploitation in the Democratic Republic of Congo? </i></b>London,
2002, All Party Parliamentary Group on the Great Lakes Region and Genocide
Prevention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText">
<span lang="EN-AU"> "The role of Uganda in the
DRC conflict has continued to be a concern.
Allegations about the Ugandan army role in resource exploitation and
human rights violations, especially in the Ituri region, need to be fully
appraised in measuring the success of the (Department for International
Development) country programme".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">UNDP, 2003</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">Human </span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">Development Reports, 2003</span></i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> <i>Uganda,</i> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.undp.org/hdr2003/indicator/cty_f_UGA.html">http://www.undp.org/hdr2003/indicator/cty_f_UGA.html</a>
</span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">accessed 29 September 2005</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">UN OCHA, IRIN Web News, 2002</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">Irin Web Special on
Ituri Eastern DRC</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span></i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/Ituri"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/Ituri</span></a>
accessed 19 September 2005, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> UN
reports regarding the humanitarian situation in Ituri Province and the role of
Ugandan and Rwandan armies</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">USAID, 2004,
Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation, <b><i>The Development Challenge,</i></b>
<a href="http://www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2005/cent_prog/central_dcha_conflict.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2005/cent_prog/central_dcha_conflict.html</span></a>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">US Department of State</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">12 February 2003, </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Countries Who
Have Signed Article 98 Agreements With the United States, </span></i><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/21539.htm">http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/21539.htm</a>
</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">accessed 3
October 2005</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">US Department
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Construction Sales and Military Assistance Facts as of September 1998</i></b>,
Washington DC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">US Department
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Congo,</i></b> <a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2823.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2823.htm</span></a>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">US Department of State,
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">van
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Journalism in the Public Interest , </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Making a Killing: The
Business of War</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, <a href="http://www.publicintegrity.org/bow/report.aspx?aid=147"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.publicintegrity.org/bow/report.aspx?aid=147</span></a>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">VESELY MILAN, <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">1998,</span></strong> <strong><i>Africa's New "Friend"- Is the US just playing catch-up, or
stumbling toward neo-colonialism? </i></strong><a href="http://www.towardfreedom.com/1998/feb98/us.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.towardfreedom.com/1998/feb98/us.htm</span></a>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Vesperini
Helen, BBC, Goma, DRC, 1 August 2001, <b><i>Congo’s Coltan Rush</i></b>, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1468772.stm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1468772.stm</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt32482703"></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt73790265"></a> accessed 11 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ware Natalie D, American
University, December<b><i> </i></b>2001, <b><i>Congo War and the Role of Coltan, </i></b><a href="http://www.american.edu/TED/ice/congo-coltan.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.american.edu/TED/ice/congo-coltan.htm</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72680060"></a> accessed 18 September 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (Information available from
several references in this document)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Wikipedia,
2005, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Willett Susan, CAAT, May 1999, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Arms Trade, Debt & Development</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, <a href="http://www.caat.org.uk/information/publications/economics/debt-and-development-0599.php"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.caat.org.uk/information/publications/economics/debt-and-development-0599.php</span></a>
accessed 8 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Wright George,
1998, <b><i>Mobuto was Chaos, </i></b>Zmag, Mobuto and the part he played in the
overthrow of Lumumba, with CIA assistance, accessed 18 May 2004<b> </b><a href="http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/June97Wright.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/June97Wright.htm</span></a><a href="http://www.blogger.com/blogger.g?blogID=6467702196646616065" name="_Hlt72678791"></a> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Zenit.org, 27
August 2005,<b><i> Weapons: A Trillion-Dollar Trade Spending on Arms Continues
to Rise, </i></b>Stockholm, Sweden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b>Annex A<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">From:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Hayes Karen,
Burge Richard, 2003?, <b><i>Coltan Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo,
How tantalum-using industries can commit to the reconstruction of the DRC, </i></b>Fauna
& Flora International, Global e-Sustainability Initiative (UNEP &
International Telecommunication Union (GeSI) <a href="http://www.durbanprocess.net/downloads/FFIColtanReport2.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.durbanprocess.net/downloads/FFIColtanReport2.pdf</span></a>
accessed 18 April 2006<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
“<b><span lang="EN-US">The
Economics of Tantalum, 8</span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">th </span></b><b><span lang="EN-US">Edition<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.2
Uses<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tantalum
was discovered in 1802 but was not used </span>commercially
until the next century when the metal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">was
briefly employed in wire form as lamp filament </span>before
the advent of cheap tungsten wire. The 1940s</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">saw
the introduction of tantalum to its key role in the </span>production
of capacitors and demand for the metal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">increased
dramatically concurrent with the </span><span lang="EN-US">1
</span><span lang="EN-US">In 1801 a heavy black mineral discovered in America was found </span>to
contain a new mineral, which was named ‘Columbium’. A Swedish
scientist named Eckberg, one year later, discovered an oxide
of another new element. This was very difficult to dissolve in acids
and frustrating to work with so Eckberg named it ‘Tantalum’, after
the Greek God Tantalus, for whom food and water were just out
of reach (tantalizing). In 1844, Rose discovered another element
in the Swedish mineral, which he named ‘Niobium’ after ‘Niobe’,
the daughter of Tantalus. This was found to be identical to Columbium
and, although Niobium was officially designated the correct
name by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry
in 1950, arguments over which name should be used still
persist. The two elements were first separated in 1866 by taking
advantage of their differing solubilities. (Tantalum-Niobium</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Study
Centre, 2001.a; U.S.Geological Survey, 2001) </span>development
of radar and military radio communications.
Since then, its range of applications
has ballooned. Tantalum
capacitors are now found in mobile phones,
video cameras, notebook computers, pagers,
automotive electronics and playstations</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">where
they buffer and smooth the flow of electricity. </span>Tantalum’s
unique capacitance allows the design of</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">progressively
smaller, more powerful and more </span>reliable
electronic products. In high -performance</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">integrated
circuits, tantalum wafers prevent </span>molecular
‘bleeding’ in the silicon-copper join. Tantalum
is an important addition to superalloys, particularly
those used for turbine blades for jet engines.
Tantalum carbide is added to cemented carbides
to improve the mechanical properties of metal
cutting tools. High
corrosion resistance makes tantalum an ideal material
in the fabrication of chemical process equipment,
heat exchangers, instrument protection devices,
reactor lining, laboratory ware and prosthetic
devices.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(Commerce
Resources Corp., 2001; Roskill, 1999; </span>Roskill,
2002; Roulston, 2001; SOG, 2001.a; TIC,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">2001;
U.S.Geological Survey, 2001; U.S.Geological </span>Survey,
2003; Uganda Gold Mining Ltd., 2001)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.3
Sources of tantalum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(a)
<b>Mine production (58%)</b>: Mining to obtain </span>tantalum
-bearing minerals is carried out in a variety</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">of
ways ranging from artisan mining of surface </span>alluvial
deposits using pick and shovel in Cent ral</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Africa,
to large-scale open-cut operations in </span>Australia,
to underground room-and-pillar mines in</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Canada.
Much of this mining is associated with tin </span>deposits.
Mine production of hard rock tantalites has</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">increased
in recent years, particularly as alluvial </span>deposits
have been worked out (Roskill, 2002).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(b)
<b>Synthetic concentrates (9%)</b>: In the past, the </span>tantalum
associated with tin was considered a</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">nuisance
and thus removed and discarded, but </span>increased
prices in 1979/80 resulted in the excavation
of very large tonnages of tantalum bearing tin
slag from landfill in south-east Asia (TIC, 2001.a).
The tin slag is treated to form a ‘synthetic concentrate’
in which the natural ores are <span lang="EN-US">‘concentrated’
to increase the percentage of Ta</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span lang="EN-US">0</span><span lang="EN-US">5
</span><span lang="EN-US">to </span>save
on transporting huge weights of quartz or sand that
are surplus to requirements (TIC, 2002b). In 1985,
this source accounted for around 77% of 10 primary
tantalum shipments, but, due to diminishing returns
from the decreasing volume and grade of tin slag,
this percentage fell to 57% in 1990, 32% in 1995
and its current level of around 20% (Roskill, 1999;
TIC, 2002). There is also a problem with</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">radioactive
elements in the slag, which inhibit </span>tantalum
recovery (Roskill, 2002).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(c)
<b>Recycling (24%)</b>: About a quarter of tantalum </span>production
is recycled from processors’ own internal</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">waste,
consumer scrap and tantalum-bearing </span>residues.
2-5% of tantalum remains in concentrates after
chemical extraction and these residues are added
to tin slag and treated a second time to reclaim
‘internal’ scrap. ‘External’ scrap refers to tantalum
reclaimed from cemented carbides and the electronics
industry (TIC, 1996).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(d)
<b>Stockpiles (9%)</b>: From 1952-1958, the US </span>Government
pursued a worldwide programme of</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">purchasing
tantalum with the intention of </span>encouraging
increased prospecting for and production
of columbium -tantalum ores and concentrates
(Cunningham, 1998; Uganda Gold Mining,
2001). The Defence Logistics Agency’s policy
is now to reduce the strategic national stockpile,
which it does under an annual material</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">disposal
plan. Producers, processors and </span>manufacturers
also carry inventories in all forms of tantalum
intended to balance fluctuations in supply demand. Current
inventories are estimated to total <span lang="EN-US">over
3,000 tonnes Ta</span><span lang="EN-US">2</span><span lang="EN-US">O</span><span lang="EN-US">5 </span><span lang="EN-US">(Roskill,
2002).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Sources
of Tantalum, 2002<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The
key tantalum producing countries (Roskill, 2003; </span>Roskill,
2002; U.S.Geological Survey, 2000) are:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Australia</b>:
The Australian firm, Sons of Gwalia </span>(SOG)
is the world’s largest producer of tantalum,
accounting for at least 50% of global primary
supply (or 30% of total global supply) from
its Greenbushes and Wodgina mines in Western
Australia. Significant expansion is under
way. There are several other important producers
in Australia, such as Tantalum Australia.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Brazil</b>:
Brazil is the world’s second largest </span>producer
of tantalum after Australia with a large proportion
of its production generated by garimpeiros,
small-scale individual miners. Paranapanema’s
Pitinga mine is the largest tin producer
in the world with significant associated tantalite
extraction.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Burundi</b>:
the tantalite deposits in Burundi are </span>directly
related to the resources in eastern DRC and
artisanal mining has occurred since the 1930s.
Small-scale miners are now employed by COMEBU,
a joint venture between local and Belgian
organizations. It is hoped to attract investment
in order to expand production.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Canada
</b>: Tantalum Mining Corp. (Tanco), wholly </span>owned
by US firm Cabot Corp., produces the</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">majority
of Canadian tantalum at its Bernic Lake </span>underground
mine in Manitoba. All of Tanco’s</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">production
is shipped to Cabot Corp. for </span>processing.
There are also several other large producers
and numerous exploration projects but,
in general, Canada’s global market share of tantalum
production is falling.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>China</b>:
In 2001, China produced 6% of the </span>world’s
tantalum. Only a quarter is exported, however,
and this is likely to decrease as China’s
electronics industries grow and the country
becomes a net importer. It is estimated that
China accounts for around 12% of the total world
reserves.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Democratic
Republic of the Congo</b>: Tantalite </span>bearing
ores occur in many areas of eastern DRC.
Much of the country’s production is by artisanal
miners under conditions described in this
report. It is estimated that the DRC may contain
significant reserves, but current political instability
and the difficulty of access have</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">suspended
most commercial activity. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Ethiopia</b>:
The Ethiopian government both </span>produces
and processes tantalite concentrates at
a plant in Kenticha. Investment is being sought
to expand operations.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Malaysia</b>:
Production of tantalum in Malaysia is </span>primarily
related to tin mining and slag generated</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Synthetic </span>concentrates 9% Inventories 9% Secondary material 24% Mines 58% 11 by
tin smelters, which are reducing in importance.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Nigeria</b>:
There is considerable disparity between </span>reports
of Nigerian tantalite production from several
companies operating in the country. The government
is seeking to control illegal production
and attract investment to increase production.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Russia</b>:
The former Soviet Union possessed </span>some
of the largest tantalum reserves in the world
with 98% of these in Russia. Over half these
reserves are not exploited as the industry lacks
infrastructure and development.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Rwanda</b>:
Rwanda’s national boundaries </span>encompass
some of the tantalite deposits that also
occur in the DRC and Burundi. Most production
is carried out by artisanal miners for the
government-owned REDEMI.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Thailand</b>:
Columbite and tantalite are mined with </span>cassiterite
ores along the west coast. Coupled</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">with
recovery from tin slag, this makes Thailand </span>an
important producer, although its global share,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">like
that of Malaysia, is falling. The main </span>companies
involved are HC Starck (Thailand) and
Thaisarco.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Tantalum
production by country 2001<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Other
countries that either have tantalum-bearing </span>deposits
or produce tantalite are: Angola, Armenia,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Argentina,
Bolivia, Chad, Congo Brazzaville, Egypt, </span>Equatorial
Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, French</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Guiana,
Ghana, Greenland, Guyana, India, Ireland, </span>Ivory
Coast, Kazakhstan, Mongolia, Mozambique,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Namibia,
Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Sierra </span>Leone,
South Africa, Spain, Uganda, Ukraine, USA,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Venezuela
and Zimbabwe (Roskill, 2002). Of these </span>countries,
the main developments have been in:</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Mozambique:
</b>the Marropino tantalum </span>project
is in the final stages of commissioning,
and could produce upwards of
100,000 lb per year of metal contained in tantalite.
This could become the third largest tantalite
mine in the world.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Namibia:
</b>Camec has started mining, and </span>has
a contract to supply 5tpm to Hong Kong.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Saudi
Arabia: </b>Tertiary has enormous </span>resources
and is forecast to produce 600,000
lb per year (Roskill, 2003)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Producers
of raw materials<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Angus
& Ross plc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-US">(20%
owned by Cabot who have rights to buy<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<i><span lang="EN-US">50%
of its production)<o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">BEH
Minerals Sdn Bhd Malaysia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Cambior
Inc Canada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">CBMM
Brazil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Commerce
Resources Corp Canada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ethiopian
Mineral Development Enterprise Ethiopia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Haddington
International Resources Ltd Australia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Leo
Shield Exploration Ghana Ltd Australia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Malaysia
Smelting Corp Malaysia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Mamore
Mineracao e Metalurgica Ltda Brazil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Metallurg
International Resources USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Mineracao
Catalao de Goias Ltda Brazil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">New
Millennium Resources Australia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Nigerian
Mining Corp Nigeria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">SA
Minerals Ltd Partnership Thailand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sons
of Gwalia Australia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tanco
(Tantalum Mining Corp of Canada) Canada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tantalum
Australia Operations Pty Ltd Australia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tertiary
Minerals plc UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Thailand
Smelting & Refining (Thaisarco) Thailand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(Commerce
Resources, 2003; TIC, 2002; TIC, 2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.4
Supply chain: traders<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Traders
operate between producers and processors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">as
well as between processors and manufacturers. It<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">has
proved difficult to estimate the scale of this<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">aspect
of the industry and therefore the best source<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">of
information is the Tantalum-Niobium International<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(TIC)
Study Center’s membership list. It is<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">reasonable
to assume, however, that large numbers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">of
traders are not members.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">B r a
z i l<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">2 1 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">C a n
a d a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">4 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">B u r u n d i<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">1 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">C h i n a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">6
%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A
u s t r a l i a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">4
1 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">D
R C<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">4 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">E t h
i o p i a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">3 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">N i g
e r i a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">4
%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">M
a l a y s i a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">3
%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">R
w a n d a<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">1
%<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">T
h a i l a n d<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">1
2 %<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(Roskill,
2002)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">12<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Tantalite
traders – TIC Members<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">A&M
Minerals & Metals Ltd UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Chori
Co Ltd Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Di
Assets UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Euromet
UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Metherma
GmbH Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">MIC
Japan Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Osaka
Trading Co Ltd Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pacific
Ores Metals & Chemicals Ltd China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Plazaminerals
Switzerland<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sogem
Belgium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Speciality
Metals Company SA Belgium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Standard
Resources Corp USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Trademet
Belgium<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(TIC,
2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.5
Supply chain: tantalum processors<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The
extraction and refinement of tantalum from ore </span>produces
the metal as a powder, which is then</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">processed
into wire or strip (Michaluk et al, 2000). </span>The
primary companies involved in refining ore into</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">metal
are American firm Cabot Corporation, German </span>firm
H.C.Starck (a subsidiary of Bayer) and Chinese</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">government
-owned firms (Michaluk et al, 2000). </span>Again,
reference to the TIC membership, with some</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">additions
from Commerce Resources, helps to build </span>a
clearer picture of the number of companies</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">involved
(2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Processors
of tantalum<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">AS
Silmet Estonia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Cabot
Supermetals USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Cabot
Supermetals KK Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Conghua
Tantalum & Niobium China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Duoluoshan
Sapphire Rare Metal Co China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Exotech
USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">F&X
Electro-Materials Ltd China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">HC
Starck – V Tech Ltd Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">HC
Starck (Thailand) Co Ltd Thailand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">HC
Starck GmbH & Co KG Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">HC
Starck Inc USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Juijiang
Tanbre Smelter China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">King
Metallurgical Industry Co Ltd China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Metallurg
International Resources USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mitsui
Mining & Smelting Co Ltd Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">NAC
Kazatomprom (Ulba Metallurgical) Kazakhstan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ningxia
Non-ferrous Metals Smelter China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Niotan
Inc USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">NW
Inst. Non-Ferrous Metals Research China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Reading
Alloys USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Reference
Metals Company Inc USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="DE">Solikamsk
Magnesium Works Russia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="DE">Treibacher
Industrie AG Austria<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="DE">Wah
Chang USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="DE">WC
Heraeus GmbH Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">ZhuZhou
Cemented Carbide Works China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(TIC,
2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">2.6
Supply chain: end users<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The
electronics industry is by far the largest<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">consumer
of tantalum (up to 60%), using powder,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">wire
and foil in the production of electrolytic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">capacitors
(Roskill, 1999; Roskill, 2002; TIC, 1998).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Applications
are widely varied and include medical<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">appliances
such as hearing aids and pacemakers as<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">well
as laptop computers, mobile phones, playstations<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">and
digital cameras (TIC, 2003).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tantalum
capacitors are manufactured by a range of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">different
processes and have differing applications:<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Dry
electrolyte capacitors, both solid<o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">tantalum
and tantalum chip</span></b><span lang="EN-US">: the cheapest, </span>most
widely used type, which permit a high degree
of miniaturization and are found in automobile
engine management systems, computers,
cameras, VCRs and phones</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Wet
electrolyte capacitors</b>: smaller volume </span>applications,
used in aerospace and weapons
management systems and the offshore
oil industry, becoming rare</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US"><b>Foil
capacitors</b>: the least common type, </span>used
in high voltage applications Increased
demand for capacitors has not had an equivalent
impact on general tantalum consumption as
processors have been increasing the capacitance of
tantalum powder leading to smaller units using less
metal per unit. There is some indication, however,
that this has levelled off at present (Roskill, 2002).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">World
production of tantalum capacitors was </span>estimated
at a peak of 24,000 m units in 2000. In line</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">with
the market trend, capacitor production fell in </span>2001,
rallied in 2002 and is expected to average 9-</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">10%
growth per year until 2005 (Roskill, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Major
tantalum capacitor manufacturers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">AVX
Ltd AVX<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Corp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Distributor
for Kyocera;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Japan
manufactures at 27<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">facilities
worldwide<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Bourns
Inc USA Manufactures in Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Elna
Japan JV with Lelon Electronics of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Taiwan;
manufactures in<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Japan
& China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Epcos
AG Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">&
Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">JV
between Siemens &<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Matsushita;
manufactures<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">in
Germany, Portugal,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Czech
Rep &China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">13<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Fujitsu
Media<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Devices
Ltd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Japan
Also has US subsidiary;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">manufactures
in Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Hitachi
AIC Japan Manufactures in Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kemet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Electronics
Corp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">USA
World’s largest producer of<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">solid
tantalum capacitors;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">manufactures
in USA &<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mexico<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Matsushita<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Electronic
Corp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Japan
Manufactures in Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">NEC
Tokin Japan Manufactures in Japan &<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Thailand<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Nichicon
Corp Japan Also has US subsidiary;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">manufactures
in Japan &<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ningxia
China Manufactures in China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR">Nippon
Chemi-<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR">Con<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="FR">Japan
Manufactures in Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">North
American<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Capacitor
Co<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">USA
Manufactures in USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Panasonic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Industrial<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Partsnic
Ltd Manufactures in Korea &<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Vietnam<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sanyo<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Electronic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Components<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Japan
Manufactures in Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Shenzen<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Capacitors<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Industrial
Ltd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">China
Manufactures in China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Vishay
Intertechnology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Inc<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">USA
Co-operative agreement<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">with
China Non-Ferrous<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Metals
Industry Corp;<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">manufactures
in USA,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Czech
Rep, France,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Germany, Israel, Mexico,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Taiwan, Japan & Portugal<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(Roskill,
2002; TIC, 2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The
telecommunications industry is an important </span>consumer
of tantalum capacitors, accounting for</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">approximately
18% of demand units, but it has not </span>been
possible to determine how this share compares</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">with
other tantalum capacitor consumers (Global </span>Sources,
2001). Tantalum capacitors support</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">handset
miniaturization and long battery life. </span>Ericsson
pioneered handsets that do not use any tantalum
and the actual number of capacitors used per
handset by other manufacturers, including Motorola
and Nokia, is decreasing, though this is offset
by the increase in the global volume of handset
production. Also Global System for Mobile communications
(GSM) phones that use multi-slot transmission
and third generation (3G), which require
the high capacitance conferred by tantalum, have
triggered a resurgence in demand (Roskill, 2002).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Drivers
of growth in capacitor demand in the </span>personal
computing market include the replacement</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">of
traditional monitors with LCD flat screens as well </span>as
demand for Personal Digital Assistants (PDAs)</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">with
voice recognition and improved displays </span>(Roskill,
2002). Mass storage units are a growth area,
as are digital cameras and video recorders. 14</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Major
Information and Technology Companies<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Acer
Computers, peripherals Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Affiliated
Computer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Services<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Services
USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Alltel
Telecommunications USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">America
Movil Telecommunications Mexico<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Amphenol
Semiconductors USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Anteon
International Services USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Asustek
Computer Computers, peripherals Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">AT&T
Wireless<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Services<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Telecommunications
USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Automatic
Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Processing<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Services
USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Bell
Canada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Enterprises<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Telecommunications
Canada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Bellsouth
Telecommunications USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Benchmark<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Electronics<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Computers,
peripherals USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Benq
Computers, peripherals Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Canon
Computers, peripherals Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Casio
Computer Computers, peripherals Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Centurytel
Telecommunications USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">CGI
Group Services Canada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">China
Mobile (HK) Telecommunications China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">China
Unicom Telecommunications China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Cisco
Systems Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Equipment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Compal
Electronics Computers, peripherals Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Dell
Computer Corp Computers, peripherals USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Electronic
Arts Software USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Elitegroup<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Computer
Systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Computers,
peripherals Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">First
Data Corp Services USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Fiserv
Services USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">France
Telecom Telecommunications France<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Hewlett-Packard
Co Computers, peripherals USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Hon
Hai Precisions<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ind
Co Ltd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Computers,
peripherals Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Hutchinson<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Technology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Computers,
peripherals USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">IBM
Corp Services USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Infosys<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Technologies<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Services
India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Intel
Semiconductors USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Intuit
Software USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Japan
Telecom Telecommunications Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">KDDI
Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Equipment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">KT
Free Tel Telecommunications Korea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Level
3<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Equipment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Lexmark<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">International<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Computers,
peripherals USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">LG
Electronics Computers, peripherals Korea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Lite-on
Technology Computers, peripherals Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Logitech<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">International<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Computers,
peripherals Switzerland<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Microsoft
Software USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mobile
Telesystems Telecommunications Russia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">MSI
Computers, peripherals Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Neopost
Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Equipment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">France<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Nextel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Telecommunications
USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Nokia
Corp Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Equipment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Finland<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">NTT
DoCoMo Telecommunications Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Oracle
Corp Software USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Orange
Telecommunications France<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">P
T<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Telekomunikasis<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Telecommunications
Indonesia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pioneer
Computers, peripherals Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Qualcomm
Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Equipment<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Quanta
Computer Computers, peripherals Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ricoh
Computers, peripherals Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Rodgers<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Telecommunications
Canada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Samsung<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Electronics
Co Ltd<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Computers,
peripherals South Korea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sandisk
Computers, peripherals USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">SAP
Software Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">SBC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Telecommunications
USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Seagate<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Technology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Computers,
peripherals Cayman Islands<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sharp
Computers, peripherals Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">SK
Telecom Telecommunications Korea<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">ST
Microelectronics Semiconductors Netherlands<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Steth
Hellas<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Telecomms<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Telecommunications
Greece<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Storage
Technology Computers, peripherals USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sungard
Data<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Systems<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Services
USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Symantec
Software USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Synnex
Technology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Intl.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Computers,
peripherals Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Semiconductor<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Semiconductors
Taiwan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">TDC
Telecommunications Denmark<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tele2
Telecommunications Sweden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Telecom Italia Telecommunications Italy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Telefonos de<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Mexico<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Telecommunications Mexico<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Telenor Telecommunications Norway<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Teliasonera Telecommunications Sweden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Telstra Telecommunications Australia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Telus Telecommunications Canada<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">TPV Technology Computers, peripherals Hong Kong<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Turkcell Iletisim<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Hizmetleri<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Telecommunications Turkey<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Unisys Services USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Utstarcom Telecommunications USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Verizon<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Communications<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Telecommunications USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Vimpelcom Telecommunications Russia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Vodafone Group plc Telecommunications UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Western Digital<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="ES-TRAD">Corp </span>Computers, peripherals USA (Info
Tech 100 – Business Week online (biggest,
fastest growing, most profitable, best
returns) based on information supplied by
Standard & Poor’s – as of 23.05.03 not</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">including
distributors, some services, or </span>internet
companies) 15<br />
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Automotive
electronic features including engine </span>management
systems, driver monitoring devices, Global
Positioning System (GPS) navigation systems,
collision avoidance systems as well as traffic
control road-side devices will all increase demand
for tantalum capacitors (Roskill, 2002).</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Other
electronic applications include surface </span>acoustic
wave (SAW) filters, dynamic random access</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">memory
chips, ferro-electric memory chips, semiconductor </span>chips
and liquid crystal displays. Key</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">corporations
in these fields include Mitsubishi </span>Materials, Fujitsu Media devices, Epcos, Texas</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Instruments,
Applied Materials Inc., Samsung, NEC, </span>Hitachi,
Toshiba, Matsushita, and Advanced Micro</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Devices
(Roskill, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span><br />
<span lang="EN-US"><br /></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tantalum
is increasingly used as an additive in a </span>variety
of alloys where its properties of heat and corrosion
resistance are of particular value. Superalloys
are designed for use at temperatures <span lang="EN-US">>800</span><span lang="EN-US">o</span><span lang="EN-US">C
where tensile, thermal shock and vibratory </span>resistance
are encountered.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Major
superalloy manufacturers & their product<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">brand
names<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Allegheny
Teledyne Inc USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Aubert
et Duval France<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Cannon-Muskegon
Corp USA CM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Carpenter
Technology<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Corp<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">USA
Pyromet<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Changcheng
Special Steel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Works<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Daido
Steel Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Electrometal
Brazil<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Electrostal
CIS<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Firth
Rixon Glossop UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Foroni
Italy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">General
Electric USA Rene<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Haynes
International USA Hasteloy, HM<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Howmet
Exeter Alloys UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Krupp/VDM
Germany Nimofer,Nicrofer<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Metal
Imphy France<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Midhani
India<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pratt
& Whitney Aircraft USA Waspaloy<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">PRP/VDM
USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Rolled
Alloys Inc USA RA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ross
& Catherall Ltd UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Shanghai
#5 Steelworks China<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Special
Melted Products UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Special
Metals USA Udimet, Inco,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="IT">Incoloy,
Monel,<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Nimonic<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Sumitomo
Metal Industries Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Western
Australia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Speciality
Alloys<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Australia<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(Roskill,
2002)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Key
applications for tantalum superalloys are landbased </span>turbines
for electricity generation and turbine</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">blades
for aircraft engines – the latter account for </span>75%
of global demand for superalloys, with civilian</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">applications
outstripping the military sector. Growth </span>in
demand for superalloys is predicted to increase at</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">3%
pa until 2009 (Roskill, 2002).<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span lang="EN-US">Leading
aircraft engine manufacturers<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Allied
Signal USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">General
Electric USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Honeywell
USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Ishikawazima-Harima
Heavy Industries Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Kawasaki
Heavy Industries Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Mitsubishi
Heavy Industries Japan<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Motoren
& Turbinen Union Germany<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Pratt
& Whitney USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Rolls
Royce / Allison UK / USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Snecma
France<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Teledyne
Continental Motors USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Turbomeca
France<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Volvo
Aero Sweden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">(</span><span lang="EN-US">TIC,
2003)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">The
chemical industry employs tantalum due to its </span>property
of corrosion resistance. Heat exchangers,</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">reactor
lining, and piping all use tantalum. </span>This
property also has relevance to medical applications
where surgical clips, screws, implants and
instruments incorporate tantalum in their manufacture.
Key companies include Plansee GmbH of
Austria and Ultramet of California. Specific applications
include (Roskill, 2002):</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">tantalum
mesh for corrective surgery of </span>hernias</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">tantalum
plates to occlude holes in the skull<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">perforated
strips and screws to hold broken<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">bones
together<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">V-clips
and surgical staples to close blood<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">vessels<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">surgical
and dental instruments<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">dental
implants<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">tantalum-coated
carbon foam to replace<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">vertebral
discs in the spinal column<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">joint
replacement components<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">bone
scaffold void filling<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">Tantalum
oxide’s high index of refraction coupled </span>with
its ability to reduce x-ray exposure and enhance</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span lang="EN-US">image
quality means it is used in camera lenses, xray </span><span style="text-indent: -36pt;">film
and ink jet printers (TIC, 2003).</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<img border="0" height="393" src="file:///C:/DOCUME~1/Willys/CONFIG~1/Temp/msohtmlclip1/01/clip_image002.jpg" v:shapes="_x0000_i1025" width="648" /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Annex B</b><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-AU">See Annex A (after references)</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): A List of Combatants 2003: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Hutu Interhamwe militia</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> - mostly from <b>Rwanda</b>
and responsible for 1994 genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Former Hutu members of the Rwandan military</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> - also responsible for 1994
genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mayi Mayi - group of traditional Congolese local security forces</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> These groups operate inside
the DRC supporting the government "often as guerrillas operating inside
territory held by anti-government forces" (U.S. State 2001) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Libya - provides arms and logistical support but no troops <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">North Korea - sent advisors to train government troops <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Rwanda - supports Congolese Rally for Democracy based in Goma
(RCD/Goma) and Congolese Rally for Democracy based in Bunia (RCD/Goma)</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">; majority Tutsi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Uganda - supports the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC)</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">; mainly non-Tutsi<b> Burundi - fights against various Hutu
groups based in the DRC</b> that are against the Tutsi-led Burundi government <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Angola - supports the government of the DRC <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Namibia - supports the government of the DRC <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Zimbabwe - supports the government of the DRC <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sudan - supports the Alliance of Democratic Forces (ADF); Ugandan
expatriates against the government of Uganda<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Prices of rare minerals quoted from the Porter Inquiry, Kampala,
2002-2003<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(note discrepancies in Uganda’s production and export figures – not
including smuggling)</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Coltan: Production, 1994=0.435 tons, 1995=1.824 tons
(subsequently NIL) - export 1997=2.57 tons, 1998=18.57 tons, 1999=69.50 tons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
80% of production in Australia <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">80% of reserves in DRC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Niobium: Production =NIL - export 1997=US$13,000,
1998=US$580,000, 1999=US$782,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Diamonds:
Production =NIL - export 1996=NIL, 1997=US$198,302, 2001=US$2,539,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Gold: Production, 2000= 0.0044 tons - export,
2000=10.83 tons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Jan. 2000:
Coltan fetches $40/lb <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Dec. 2000: Coltan fetches $380/lb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1>
<span lang="EN-AU">Annex A<o:p></o:p></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have included some charts on US military ‘aid’ for further
interest. Note that both Zimbabwe and Uganda were the recipients of the most
military aid when they were both sending their military into DRC to plunder its
resources, rigging elections and practising torture.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><u>African Militaries Trained by the U.S., 1997-98</u></i></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt;">
<td style="height: 21.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Angola<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Ghana </div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Rwanda<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Benin </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Guinea </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Sao Tome & Principe </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Botswana </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Guinea-Bissau </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Senegal<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Cameroon </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Ivory Coast </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Seychelles </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Cape Verde </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Kenya </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Sierra Leone<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Central African Republic </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Lesotho </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
South Africa </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Chad<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Madagascar </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Swaziland </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Comoros </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Malawi </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tanzania </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Congo (Braz.)<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Mali </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Togo </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Cote d’Ivoirie </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Mauritania </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tunisia </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Djibouti </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Mozambique </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Uganda<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Eritrea<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Namibia<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Zambia </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Ethiopia<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Niger </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Zimbabwe<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>* Engaged in conflict
1997-98 - </b>The above table includes IMET, JCET, and ACRI </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>TABLE 1: Post-Cold
War U.S. Arms Transfers to Governments Involved in the Congo War, 1989-1998(in
constant 1998 dollars) </b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.25pt;">
<td style="border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Country</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Foreign Military Sales</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Commercial Sales</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>TOTAL</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Angola </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
0 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
31,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
31,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Burundi </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
74,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
312,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
386,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Chad </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
21,767,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
24,677,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
46,444,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
DRC </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
15,151,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
218,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
15,369,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Namibia </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
2,311,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,934,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
4,245,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Rwanda </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
324,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
0 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
324,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Sudan </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
30,258,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,815,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
32,073,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Uganda </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,517,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
9,903,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
11,420,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Zimbabwe </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
567,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
828,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,395,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.25pt;">
<td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.75pt; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>TOTAL</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b>71,969,000</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b>39,718,000</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b>111,687,000</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>TABLE 2: Post-Cold
War International Military Education and Training (IMET) to Countries Involved
in the Congo War, 1989-1998 (constant 1998 dollars)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.25pt;">
<td style="border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Country</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>IMET $ Value</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>No. of STUDENTS </b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Angola </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
177,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
5 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Burundi </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,324,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
53 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Chad </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,968,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
115 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Congo </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,229,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
50 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Namibia </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,589,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
111 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Rwanda </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,425,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
66 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Sudan </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
154,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
0 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Uganda </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
3,856,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
154 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Zimbabwe </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
2,661,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
176 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.25pt;">
<td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.75pt; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>TOTAL</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b>14,383,000</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b>730</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Source: Department of Defense, Foreign Military Sales,
Foreign Military Construction Sales and Military Assistance Facts<b><i>,
Foreign Military Sales, Construction, and Assistance Facts as of September
1998, </i></b>(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense, 1999).<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-AU"> </span></h2>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Letter to Alex Bellamy</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Wednesday 15 March 2006</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Dear Alex</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Following our discussion of this project I wrestled with the
question “why does it matter”? I also decided that I would not like to merely
reiterate the ‘hand-wringing’ reports from the DRC, which have not advanced any
solutions that go to the heart of the problem. All of these statements are
supportable with references:<b><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>POLS 3802<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<h2>
<span lang="EN-AU">Independent Study</span></h2>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Define
(short) legal and illegal weapons sales<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: large;">UN Security Council – five
permanent members are biggest weapons sellers with 80% of all sales. Other
nations trade in the same manner with relative impunity.</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Technological
advances create obsolescence for existing arms stockpiles. It becomes
profitable, and a powerful diplomatic tool, to sell these weapons to
selected nation state allies.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>‘Official’
wars always leave behind large quantities of weapons that can be recycled
to other ‘tasks’.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-AU">All of these powerful nation
states have supplied weapons to other governments and other parties whilst
these parties are engaged in conflict, often aggression against neighbouring
nation states. Support for dictators, engineering of coup d etats, sponsorship
of assassinations, terrorist acts, death squads and rebel groups have also
generated arms donations and sales.</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-AU">These activities undermine
respect and legitimacy for international law, international institutions and
the UN. Security and stability are also diminished.</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>The
universal feature of arms production is that it involves both civilian and
military applications. Many civilian industries manufacture components
that have military applications, making them more difficult to identify.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>The
arms industry is integral to the economy of the developed world,
government policies and policy-making bodies (Think Tanks and
academia). This ‘war economy’ is a
mirror of the ‘warlord economy’ of conflicted developing nations.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Through
the process of providing local employment these industries receive
political support and enjoy powerful lobbying influence<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 36.0pt; mso-list: l4 level1 lfo1; tab-stops: list 36.0pt; text-indent: -18.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: Symbol; font-weight: normal;">·<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman'; font-size: 7pt;">
</span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: large;">Key UNSC permanent members are
non signatories to key Conventions, including provisions against nuclear,
chemical, biological weapons, missile-systems, land mines, treatment of
prisoners, torture, trials of war criminals etc.</span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>The
fine line between legal and illegal arms sales is the existence of an ‘End
User Certificate’, which is easily falsified or circumvented.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Arms
traders can sometimes work for governments and at other times
independently, enabling them to act with impunity.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Back
loading is a logical strategy for traders to reduce transport costs.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Demand
for resources and products from the developing world are an inevitable
outcome of the affluent consumer lifestyle of the developed world.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Realist
IR conventional wisdom is that the Cold War maintained 44 years of
relative peace – but the Cold War has left the world awash in surplus
weapons from both the former East bloc and the NATO allies. Additionally a
breakdown of governance and disintegration of armed forces in the East bloc
led to a huge sell off. <o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Why
does it matter?<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>It
matters because around 4.7 people have been killed or have died in DRC,
large numbers of people dispersed into surrounding countries.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Conflict
in inimicable with development of social infrastructure and a functioning
economy.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Large
refugee flows destabilise neighbouring countries.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Conflict
destroys the social structure, governance, civil society, environment and
economy of conflict-involved countries.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Conflict
in poor countries increases the risk of return to conflict following peace
settlements – usually because mediators inadequately address
socio-economic issues. The causes of conflict remain unresolved.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>The
war economy is self-perpetuating – this is universally true.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Weapons
supplied to state and non-state actors for a conflict in one place tend to
migrate, recycling weapons to other conflicts and criminal/terrorist uses.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Conflict
is a contributory factor that encourages corruption – this is universally
true.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Why
should they stop?<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Because
‘they’ (the ‘others’) inhabit the same planet ‘we’ live on.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Human
security is diminished by the presence of weapons, which affects everyone.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<ul style="margin-top: 0cm;" type="disc">
<li class="MsoNormal"><b>Because
refugee numbers require a solution that includes resettlement, peace in
their country of origin.<o:p></o:p></b></li>
</ul>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>Because ‘we’ need to acknowledge the contributory role
played by our demand for resources and lack of awareness on origin of ‘conflict
goods’ or our role as suppliers of arms.<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> <span style="text-align: justify;">References</span></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
African names have not been re-ordered, due to ambiguity of
‘surnames’</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have left annotations in for additional information, as
this will assist readers making a choice in detail required.</div>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<h1>
<span style="font-size: x-small; text-indent: -36pt;">Amnesty International, IANSA, Oxfam, Monday 9 January 2006, </span><b style="font-size: small; text-indent: -36pt;"><i>The
call for tough arms controls, voices from the Democratic Republic of Congo, </i></b><a href="http://www.amnestyusa.org/regions/africa/document.do?id=ENGAFR620012006" style="font-size: small; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">http://www.amnestyusa.org/regions/africa/document.do?id=ENGAFR620012006</span></a><span style="font-size: x-small; text-indent: -36pt;">
<span style="font-weight: normal;">accessed 12 January 2006</span></span></h1>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Anjan Sundaram, 20 December
2005, AP, <b><i>Congo Reconsiders Damages Owed by Uganda, </i></b><u><a href="http://www.wtopnews.com/index.php?nid=387&sid=654152"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.wtopnews.com/index.php?nid=387&sid=654152</span></a>
</u>accessed 21 December 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Asimina-Manto Papaioannou, 2004-2005, NYU School of Law, <b><i>Transnational
Corporations and Human Rights, </i></b>New York, USA</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Boege Volker, Tuesday 31 May 2005, <b><i>Making Sense of Corporate
Responsibility: Corporate Conduct in Zones of Conflict, </i></b>lecture at UQ,
Brisbane, Australia</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Cuvelier Jeroen and Raeymaekers Tim, January 2002,<b><i>Supporting
the War Economy in the DRC: European companies and the coltan trade, </i></b>IPIS
Report, International Peace Information Service <a href="http://www.broederlijkdelen.be/MimeObjects/SharedContento/1000037/ipisrapportwareconen_1009691.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.broederlijkdelen.be/MimeObjects/SharedContento/1000037/ipisrapportwareconen_1009691.pdf</span></a>
accessed 20 February 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Frank Nyakairu, 22 March
2004, The3 Monitor, <b><i>New Report Pins Profiteering Firms In Congo Conflict</i></b>
<a href="http://www.why-war.com/news/2004/03/22/newrepor.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.why-war.com/news/2004/03/22/newrepor.html</span></a>
accessed 3 March 2006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Frank Nyakairu, 8 April 2006, The Monitor, <b><i>Uganda, DR Congo
negotiations stall, </i></b><a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200604100633.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://allafrica.com/stories/200604100633.html</span></a>,
accessed 8 April 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Grignon François, undated, International Crisis Group,<b><i>
International response to the illegal exploitation of resources in the DRC</i></b>,
<a href="http://www.un.org/depts/dhl/peacekeepers/toc/toc4.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">www.un.org/depts/dhl/peacekeepers/toc/toc4.pdf</span></a>
accessed 23 March 2006</span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Hartung William, 2001, <b><i>The
New Business Of War: Small Arms and the Proliferation of Conflict,</i></b>
Ethics & International Affairs, Volume 15, No 1 (Spring 2001) <a href="http://www.cceia.org/viewMedia.php/prmID/488"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.cceia.org/viewMedia.php/prmID/488</span></a>
accessed 12 March 20006<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText2" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU">Hayes Karen T, 14 January 2002, ISS??, Fauna & Flora
International, <b><i>Coltan Mining in the Democratic Republic of Congo: The
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<span lang="EN-AU">IRIN News, 11 March 2003, <b><i>DRC: Focus on the proliferation of
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<br /></div>
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<span lang="EN-AU">IRIN News, 18 March 2005, <b><i>DRC:UN seizes weapons in Ituri </i></b><a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=46189"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=46189</span></a>
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<h1 style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"> </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-indent: -36pt;">Hooker
John, </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="color: #333333; font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; letter-spacing: 0.15pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Wednesday 13 April 2005</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-indent: -36pt;">,
NewMatilda, </span><i style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">Corporations and war,</span></i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal; text-indent: -36pt;"> <a href="http://www.newmatilda.com/home/articledetail.asp?ArticleID=581&CategoryID"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.newmatilda.com/home/articledetail.asp?ArticleID=581&CategoryID</span></a>=
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<o:p> </o:p><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -36pt;">IPIS, January 2002, </span><b style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><i>Supporting
the war economy in the DRC: European companies and the coltan trade, </i></b><a href="http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2343.pdf" style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.grandslacs.net/doc/2343.pdf</span></a><span style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -36pt;">
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">OXFAM, 27 January 2006, <b><i>Five
million people face daily terror in Northern Uganda, DRC, Burundi: UN must act,
</i></b>Oxford, UK <a href="http://www.oxfam.org.uk/press/releases/drc_uganda270106.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.oxfam.org.uk/press/releases/drc_uganda270106.htm</span></a>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Reno William, 1 August 2002,
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Robert Muggah, Peter
Batchelor, UNDP, April 2002<b>, <i>“Development Held Hostage”: Assessing the
effects of small arms on human development</i></b><i>, </i>New York, USA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">St Clair Jeffrey, November
2005, <b><i>Grand Theft Pentagon, Tales of Corruption and Profiteering in the
War on Terror, </i></b>Common Courage Press, <a href="http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1567513360/002-3850464-0035204?v=glance&n=283155"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.amazon.com/gp/product/1567513360/002-3850464-0035204?v=glance&n=283155</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sam AmAnyire, 19
February 2006, The Monitor, <b><i>We will not pay DR Congo, says Otafiire, </i></b><a href="http://www.unep.org/cpi/briefs/2006Feb22.doc"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.unep.org/cpi/briefs/2006Feb22.doc</span></a>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Thokozani Thusi, 2003, ISS, <b><i>Assessing
Small Arms Control Initiatives in East Africa, The Nairobi Declaration, </i></b>African
Security Review, 12(3) 2003<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UN, (Expert panel appointed
by the Secreatry-General) 16 October 2002, <b><i>Final report of the Panel of
Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural Resources and Other Forms of
Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo,</i></b> <a href="http://www.afrol.com/Countries/DRC/documents/un_resources_2002_intro.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.afrol.com/Countries/DRC/documents/un_resources_2002_intro.htm</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UNDP, April 2002,
<b><i>Reducing Small Arms in the Great Lakes<o:p></o:p></i></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Vehnamaki Mika, 2002, <b><i>Diamonds
and warlords: The geography of war in the Democratic Republic of Congo and
Sierra Leone, </i></b>Nordic Journal of African Studies 11 (1): 48-74 (2002),
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<span lang="EN-AU">Weiss Herbert F, Caryannis Tatiana, 2004, <b><i>Restructuring the
Congo, </i></b>Journal of International Affairs, Fall 2004 v58 il p 115(27),
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<br /></div>
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<span style="text-indent: -36pt;">Amalric
Franck, January 2005, Center for Corporate Responsibility, CCRS, University of
Zurich, Switzerland, </span><b style="text-indent: -36pt;"><i>Working Paper No 01/05, The Equator Principles: A
Step Towards Sustainability? </i></b><a href="http://www.humanrights.ch/cms/upload/pdf/050726_equatorprinciples_uniZH2005.pdf" style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.humanrights.ch/cms/upload/pdf/050726_equatorprinciples_uniZH2005.pdf</span></a><span style="text-indent: -36pt;">
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Amnesty
International & OXFAM UK, 2002, <b><i>Shattered Lives, The Case for Tough
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Amnesty
International<b><i>,</i></b> 1999<b><i> Rwanda the Hidden Violence,</i></b> <b><i>III.2
Weapons and military equipment fuelling the conflict</i></b>, <span style="color: green;"><a href="http://www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/rwanda/III2.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">www.amnesty.org/ailib/intcam/rwanda/III2.htm</span></a>
</span>accessed 30 September 2005</div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Amnesty International,
February 2003, <b><i>Open letter to all members of parliament in Uganda urging rejection of
the impunity agreement with the USA concerning the International Criminal Court</i></b>,
New York, <a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engafr590082003"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://web.amnesty.org/library/index/engafr590082003</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Amnesty International, 2003,
<b><i>Report,
Uganda, 2003</i></b>, </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/Uga">http://web.amnesty.org/report2003/Uga</a>
summary-eng</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 40.5pt; text-indent: -40.5pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Amnesty International, 2004,
<b><i>Report, 2004, Uganda</i></b>, <a href="http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/uga-summary-eng"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://web.amnesty.org/report2004/uga-summary-eng</span></a>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Amnesty
International, July 2005, <b><i>DRC: Illegal arms exports fuelling killings,
mass rape and torture</i></b>, <a href="http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR620082005" target="_new"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://web.amnesty.org/library/Index/ENGAFR620082005</span></a>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Badru Mulumba<b> </b>D., The Monitor,<b> </b>Thursday 14 November 2002, <b><i>Porter Inquiry, Kampala, Uganda</i>: </b>As
reported in The Monitor, figures for Ugandan production and export appeared in
the UN Panel of Inquiry Report, April 2001<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Bellamy
A, Williams P, Griffin S, 2004, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Understanding Peacekeeping, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Polity
Press, Oxford, UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Boubacar
N’Diaye, 2002, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">How Not to Institutionalize
Civilian Control: Kenya’s Coup Prevention Strategies, 1964-1997</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
The Journal of Modern African Studies (2002), 40: 321-344 Cambridge University
Press <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Blum W, 2002, <b><i>Rogue
State</i></b>, P137-8, The Congo/Zaire, 1960-65, 1977-78 - Relates to covert
CIA support for the regime of Mobutu <o:p></o:p></span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Rogue-State-Guide-Worlds-Superpower/dp/1567511945">http://www.amazon.com/Rogue-State-Guide-Worlds-Superpower/dp/1567511945</a></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Brown David,
2000, <b><i>Contemporary Nationalism Civic, Ethnocultural & Multicultural
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Cellular News,
(undated), <b><i>Coltan Gorillas and Cellphones</i></b>,<b><i> </i></b><a href="http://www.cellular-news.com/coltan"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.cellular-news.com/coltan</span></a>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">“Coltan, short for
Columbite-tantalite is a metallic ore comprising Niobium and Tantalum” “The
tech boom caused the price of Coltan to rocket to as high as US$600 per
kilogram at one point, compared to a previous value of US$65 per kilogram,
although it has settled down to around US$100 per kilogram at the moment. A
Coltan miner can earn as much as US$200 per month, compared to a typical salary
of US$10 per month for the average Congolese worker” “The main area where
Coltan is mined also contains the Kahuzi Biega National Park, home of the
Mountain Gorilla”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">CIA Factbook, 9 August 2005,
<a href="http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.cia.gov/cia/publications/factbook/geos/cg.html</span></a>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Clarke
Walter S, date, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Waiting for ‘The Big One’:
Confronting Complex Humanitarian Emergencies and State Collapse in Central
Africa </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(MORE)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Coalition for the
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98” Agreements, </i></b>13 June 2003, <a href="http://www.iccnow.org/pressroom/factsheets/FS-CICC-BIAs13June03.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.iccnow.org/pressroom/factsheets/FS-CICC-BIAs13June03.pdf</span></a>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Coolidge J &
Rose-Ackerman S, World Bank, 2004, <b><i>High-level rent-seeking and corruption in
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Curtis
Mark, 2004, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Unpeople, Britain’s Secret
Human Rights Abuses, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Vintage, London, UK</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Cuvelier Jeroen and
Raeymaekers Tim, January 2002, INTERNATIONAL PEACE INFORMATION SERVICE (IPIS<i>)</i>, <b><i>Supporting the War Economy in the DRC – European Companies and the
Coltan Trade</i></b><i>, </i><a href="http://users.skynet.be/ipis/mainuk.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://users.skynet.be/ipis/mainuk.htm</span></a>,
unable to access 9 October 2005 <i>“</i>Private
military companies and mercenaries; mining companies and mining operations in
Congo-(Zaire), Congo Brazzaville, Angola, Sierra Leone and Liberia, and their
influence on warring parties; private arms trade, arms brokering and
uncontrolled arms flows, mainly to conflict regions in Africa; the role of
private airlines in arms trafficking; organised crime and conflicts; non-state
parties and conflicts”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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the destruction of Africa be stopped?, </i></b>Schiller Institute and the
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</i></b><a href="http://www.aboutsudan.com/conferences/african_civil_rights/ldh_acr_1999.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.aboutsudan.com/conferences/african_civil_rights/ldh_acr_1999.htm</span></a>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> suggests US support for Ugandan
intervention in DRC and support for SPLA<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">de
Hoyos</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> L, 18 November, 1998 (ii), EIR TALKS (EIR Counterintelligence,
USA), <a href="http://www.aboutsudan.com/interviews/linda_de_hoyos.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.aboutsudan.com/interviews/linda_de_hoyos.htm</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Kazini, nephew of Museveni,
who was sponsored into power by Britain and is backed by USA in his war in DRC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">DeKalb,</span><strong><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></i></strong><strong><span style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">1998,
</span></strong><strong><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The military's managed
transition to "civilian rule" in the Gambia,</span></i></strong><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <i><a href="file:///C:/Documents%20and%20Settings/Willys/Mis%20documentos/from%202GB%20drive/Post%20Graduate%20Research/DRC%20Essay%20and%20misc/POLS%203802%20%20main%20essay.doc"><em><span style="color: black; font-style: normal;">Abdoulaye S M Saine</span></em></a></i>. <a href="file:///C:/My%20Documents/Willy's%20%20Documents/pqdlink%3fRQT=318&pmid=22537&TS=1081158409&clientId=20806&VType=PQD&VName=PQD&VInst=PROD"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Journal of Political and Military Sociology</span></a>, <a href="file:///C:/My%20Documents/Willy's%20%20Documents/pqdlink%3fRQT=572&VType=PQD&VName=PQD&VInst=PROD&pmid=22537&pcid=917874&SrchMode=3"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Winter 1998</span></a>.
Vol.26, Issue. 2; pg. 157, 12 pgs</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Delpechin
Jacques, October 22, 2003, <b><i>Resources, Conflicts, Reconstruction A
Congolese Global Perspective, </i></b>Znet Africa, * Jacques Depelchin is with
the Ota Benga International Alliance for Peace in the Congo. * This is a
summary of a presentation at the Symposium, Futures of Southern Africa,
Windhoek, Namibia, Sept 15-17, 2003, <a href="http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=2&ItemID=4376"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.zmag.org/content/showarticle.cfm?SectionID=2&ItemID=4376</span></a>
accessed 16 September 2005 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Des Forges
Alison - <b><i>Report on Human Rights Abuses in DRC,</i></b><span style="color: maroon;">
</span><u><span style="color: blue;">http://www.hrw.org/press/2001/03/drc0328.htm</span></u>
"Uganda sent its troops into Congo supposedly to
assure its own security, but in the process, it has caused greater insecurity
for its unfortunate neighbours."<b> </b>Alison Des Forges Senior Advisor at the
Africa Division of Human Rights Watch <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -2.05pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> "Children are being abducted and sent to
battle by the very soldiers who are supposed to protect them. RCD-Goma must
live up to its agreements to end this terrible practice."</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <u><span style="color: blue;">http://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/drc3
</span></u>(New York, May 29, 2001) The major rebel group in eastern Congo
continues to recruit children to wage war against the Congolese government,
Human Rights Watch <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -2.05pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.0pt; margin-top: 0cm;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">“From Atlantic and Oriental Slavery (as
globalization was practiced then) to the current destruction observed in the
DRC, in Africa, in the USA and many other places on the planet, we can learn
more quickly from our specific histories if we approach them from a perspective
which reveals the similarities: the search for resources be they slaves,
rubber, diamonds, coltan, oil, timber, water or uranium shall always trigger
conflicts. Conflicts and wars of conquest will erupt in order to access
resources. The resulting violence will end with destruction. Conquering states,
colonizing states, pre-colonial, colonial, post-colonial, have been the central
tools for carrying out these looting processes”. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Dummett Mark, BBC,
January-March 2003, Focus on Africa, <b><i>Fat of the Land, Zimbabwean troops left
Mbuji-Mayi to a great fanfare and with accusations that their country had
profited from the war,</i></b><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Elkins
Carline, 2005, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Britain’s Gulag, The Brutal
End of Empire in Kenya, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Pimlico, London, UK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<h1 style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Fisun O
& Petro J, 24 October 2003,</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">DEVELOPING DEMOCRACY OR COMPETITIVE NEOPATRIMONIALISM? THE POLITICAL
REGIME OF UKRAINE IN COMPARATIVE PERSPECTIVE</span></i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">Kharkiv, Ukraine</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;"><a href="http://www.utoronto.ca/jacyk/Fisun-CREES-workshop.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.utoronto.ca/jacyk/Fisun-CREES-workshop.pdf</span></a></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; font-weight: normal;">accessed
11 September 2005</span></h1>
<div style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin: 0cm;">
<span style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif;"> </span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt; text-indent: -36pt;">Gershoni
Y, 1996,</span><i style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> </span></i><i style="text-indent: -36pt;"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">The changing pattern of military take-overs in sub-Saharan Africa,</span></i></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Armed Forces and Society</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">. New Brunswick: Winter
1996. Vol.23, Issue 2; pg. 235, 14 pgs<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Global Policy Forum, 14 January 2002,</span><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <i>NGOs
Call for Embargo on Coltan from DRC War Zones, </i></span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/generaldebate/2002/0114coltan.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/natres/generaldebate/2002/0114coltan.htm</span></a>
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<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> “A UN panel of experts
investigated trade by European companies in DRC coltan, but the Security
Council last year declined to take action. "European countries have a
special responsibility, they must take emergency initiatives," he said.
"Front-line European companies such as Alcatel, Nokia and Siemens must be
certain that the coltan arriving from war zones is eliminated from their
production lines." “There is a direct link between the war in the Congo
and the coltan trade," said DRC university professor Apollinaire
Malu-Malu. <b>The NGOs said they based
their call on studies by the London-based International Peace Information
Service (IPIS) which "demonstrated that European companies buying coltan
from these zones are contributing to the financing of the DRC war." </b>The
IPIS named Belgian companies Cogecom and Sogem, Masingiro GmbH of Germany,
Chemie Pharmacie Holland, and the Swiss offshore company, Finmining”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Global Policy
Forum, 23 October 2002, <b><i>DRC Loses $8m Pa on Diamonds</i></b><i>, </i><a href="http://www.news24.com/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">News24</span></a>, <a href="http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2002/1028loses.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.globalpolicy.org/security/issues/congo/2002/1028loses.htm</span></a><b> </b>accessed 18 September 2005<b><o:p></o:p></b></span></div>
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<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">
“</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Since
the outbreak of war in the Democratic Republic of Congo four years ago, the
vast central African country has lost some $800m a year to fraudsters, who
illegally export diamonds, the deputy minister for mining and oil has said.
"Our country, the world's leading producer of industrial diamonds, has
lost $800m a year since the start of the war of aggression" in 1998,
Ambroise Mbaka said late on Monday, citing statistics published by the High
Diamond Council, based in the northern Belgian city of Antwerp”.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Gutman R,
Rieff D (editors), 1999, <b><i>Crimes of War</i></b>, WW Norton & Co,
New York & London, P 76-79 Child Soldiers - just one of the routine
practices that comprise war crimes and crimes against humanity in the war in
the DRC. <o:p></o:p></span><a href="http://www.amazon.com/Crimes-War-What-Public-Should/dp/0393047466">http://www.amazon.com/Crimes-War-What-Public-Should/dp/0393047466</a></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Hansard,
British Parliament, 3 April 2003, <b><i>Norman Lamb asked Secretary of State
Question regarding United
Kingdom-based companies UN expert panel report (81318) DRC, Ituri Province, </i></b><u><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.natural-resources.org/minerals/law/docs/pdf/UN_NR_Exploit_DRC_1.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.natural-resources.org/minerals/law/docs/pdf/UN_NR_Exploit_DRC_1.pdf</span></a> - - <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.appggreatlakes.org/downloads/sessional"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.appggreatlakes.org/downloads/sessional</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> accessed 9 October 2005 - and</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldhansrd/vo030403/text/30403-25.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200203/ldhansrd/vo030403/text/30403-25.htm</span></a>
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<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-family: 'Times New Roman', serif; font-size: 10pt;">Harmon Snow Keith, 2005, <b><i>Rwanda's Secret War: US-Backed
Destabilization of Central Africa</i></b> <a href="http://www.ww4report.com/105/africa/rwandawar" target="_new">http://www.ww4report.com/105/africa/rwandawar</a>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Hartung William D. and Moix
Bridget, January 2000, the Arms Trade Resource Center, <b><i>Deadly Legacy: U.S. Arms to
Africa and the Congo War, </i></b>World Policy Forum, <a href="http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/congo.htm#military"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.worldpolicy.org/projects/arms/reports/congo.htm#military</span></a>
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Herman Edward S, Chomsky
Noam, 1980, <b><i>The Washington Connection and Third World Fascism – The Political
Economy of Human Rights: Volume I, </i></b>Hale & Ironmonger, Sydney, p32<o:p></o:p></span></div>
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</div>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
Horvath John, 9 July 2002, <b><i>Borne by Blood The other -- and
often bloody -- side of the "digital revolution",</i></b> Heise
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
HRW, 1989, <b><i>Angola, </i></b><a href="http://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Angola.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.hrw.org/reports/1989/WR89/Angola.htm</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
HRW<b>, </b>Human Rights Watch, 19 January 2001, <b><i>Laurent
Kabila’s Human Rights Legacy,</i></b> <b><u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/congo/kabila-legacy.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif; font-weight: normal;">http://www.hrw.org/campaigns/congo/kabila-legacy.htm</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
HRW,
Human Rights Watch, 2003, <b><i>Report, Uganda, 2003,</i></b> New York</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b><i> </i></b>– very critical regarding the roles of
USA and Britain </div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
HRW, Human Rights Watch, June 2005, <b><i>DRC: Gold Fuels
Massive Human Rights Atrocities, Leading international corporations established
links to warlords,</i></b> <a href="http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/06/02/congo11041.htm" target="_new"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/06/02/congo11041.htm</span></a>
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<br /></div>
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HRW, Human Rights Watch, July 2005, <b><i>DRC: Arming
Civilians Adds Fuel to the Fire,</i></b> <a href="http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/07/12/congo11314.htm" target="_new"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://hrw.org/english/docs/2005/07/12/congo11314.htm</span></a>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">HRW, Human Rights Watch, 2003<i>, <b>Report, Uganda 2003 - V. HUMAN RIGHTS
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</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">accessed
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<br /></div>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">HRW,
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Congo, </i></b></span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ugandan Occupation Worsens Congo's Problems</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/africa/drc.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.hrw.org/wr2k1/africa/drc.html</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">HRW, Human Rights Watch, 1999, <b><i>Arms and Abusive End Users</i></b>,
<u><a href="http://www.hrw.org/worldreport99/arms/arms4.html"><u><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.hrw.org/worldreport99/arms/arms4.html</span></u></a></u>
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<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Huntington, Samuel, 1968, <b><i>Political
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent3" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
ICJ,
Wednesday 13 April 2005, Public sitting held on 2005, at 3 p.m., at the Peace
Palace, President Shi presiding, <b><i>in the case concerning Armed Activities
on the Territory of the Congo (Democratic Republic of the Congo v. Uganda)</i></b><o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">IRIN, 21 October 2002, <b><i>Uganda: Budget cuts aimed at boosting war against rebels,</i> </b><a href="http://www.africahome.com/annews/categories/economy/EpFVkFyyEpfsVOnHob.shtml"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.africahome.com/annews/categories/economy/EpFVkFyyEpfsVOnHob.shtml</span></a>
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<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Irin News, UN, 17 January
2003, <b><i>DRC: Chronology 2002</i></b>, Nairobi, <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=31774&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=31774&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes</span></a>
accessed 19 September 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">IRIN NEWS, 19
July 2002, <b><i>DRC-RWANDA-UGANDA: Mandate of UN expert panel on resource
exploitation extended,</i></b></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=28912&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=DRC-RWANDA-UGANDA"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=28912&SelectRegion=Great_Lakes&SelectCountry=DRC-RWANDA-UGANDA</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Irin News, UN, 14 August
2002<b> <i>DRC-UGANDA:
Mandate of Ugandan judge's plunder probe extended,</i></b><i> </i>NAIROBI (IRIN), <a href="http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=29332"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.irinnews.org/report.asp?ReportID=29332</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">IUCN, 19
February 2001, <b><i>IUCN calls for a ban - Coltan mining threatens World Heritage sites in
the Democratic Republic of Congo, </i></b><a href="http://www.iucn.org/info_and_news/press/coltan.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.iucn.org/info_and_news/press/coltan.html</span></a>
accessed 19 September 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Lifeworth, UK,<b><i> 2002 Lifeworth Review of
Corporate Responsibility, Rumbles From The Jungle</i></b></span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <o:p></o:p></span></i></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.jembendell.com/lw2002/autumn2.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.jembendell.com/lw2002/autumn2.html</span></a>
accessed 20 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mackinlay
John, 2000, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Defining Warlords, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">PK
7. (1), 2000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mohammed Ayoob,
January-March 2004 <b><i>Third World perspectives on humanitarian intervention and international
administration, </i></b>Global Governance, v10il p99(20), Lynne Riener
Publishers.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
“D.R.C.’s relations with
neighboring countries have often been driven by security concerns, leading to
intricate and interlocking alliances. Domestic conflicts in the Central African
Republic, Sudan, Uganda, Angola, Rwanda, and Burundi have at various times
created bilateral and regional tensions. The current crisis in eastern D.R.C.
has its roots both in the use of the Congo as a base by various insurgency
groups attacking neighboring countries and in the absence of a strong Congolese
Government with a military capable of securing Congo’s borders. The war has
been exacerbated and prolonged by the exploitation of Congo’s resources by
neighboring countries”.</div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> The 159-page report, “<b><i>The
Curse of Gold</i></b>,” documents how local armed groups fighting for the
control of gold mines and trading routes have committed war crimes and crimes
against humanity using the profits from gold to fund their activities and buy
weapons. The report provides details of how a leading gold mining company,
AngloGold Ashanti, part of the international mining conglomerate Anglo
American, developed links with one murderous armed group, the Nationalist and
Integrationist Front (FNI), helping them to access the gold-rich mining site
around the town of Mongbwalu in the northeastern Ituri district. HRW 2005</span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">MONUC, <b><i>Home Page</i></b> <a href="http://www.monuc.org/Home.aspx?lang=en"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.monuc.org/Home.aspx?lang=en</span></a>
accessed 17 August 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Map, Democratic Republic of
Congo, <a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/drcongo.pdf"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.un.org/Depts/Cartographic/map/profile/drcongo.pdf</span></a>
accessed 17 August 2005 (see attachments to this briefing paper)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">MONUC News, 9 August 2005, <span class="standardtext"><b><i>Recent Global witness' report on the illegal exploitation of DRC's
natural resources is the main subject covered by today's local press. Some
papers also cover the current voter identification and registration operations
in DRC provinces</i></b></span>, <a href="http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=7906"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.monuc.org/news.aspx?newsID=7906</span></a>
accessed 17 August 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mucoori P. Matsiko wa,
Ssenkaaba<b> </b>Stephen, 21<b><i> </i></b>May,
2002<b><i>
Kazini Telling Lies - Porter </i></b>The Monitor Kampala, <a href="http://allafrica.com/stories/200205210196.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://allafrica.com/stories/200205210196.html</span></a><b> </b>accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nafziger E Wayne, Uuvinen
Juha, 2003, <b><i>Economic Development, Inequality, and War Humanitarian Emergencies in
Developing Countries, </i></b>Palgrave Macmillan, Basingstoke, Chapter 6, p114,
126-131 Military Centrality, 6.3, p90-99, Inequality, Exclusivity and Relative
Deprivation.<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 45.0pt; margin-right: 63.35pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -27.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoSubtitle" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nederlandse
Commissie Voor Internationale Natuurbescherming, ed Esther Blom et al</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">2000, </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nature
in War, Biodiversity Conservation During Conflicts</span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">,
Utrecht, p21-38 and p39-56. Notably<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Neuberger
Benyamin, 1995, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">National self-determination:
dilemmas of a concept, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Nations and Nationalism 1 (3), 1995, 297-325,
The Open University of Israel, Tel Aviv, Israel<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Oginga
Odinga, 1967, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Not Yet Uhuru, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Heineman
Educational Books Ltd, London, UK<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Oxfam, 2002, <b><i><a href="http://www.oxfam.org.uk/policy/papers/drc/povertywealth.htm"><span style="color: black; font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">Poverty in the midst of Wealth</span></a></i></b> (DRC), Briefing
Paper, <a href="http://www.padrigu.gu.se/EDCNews/Reviews/DRC-OXFAM.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.padrigu.gu.se/EDCNews/Reviews/DRC-OXFAM.html</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyTextIndent2">
An Oxfam report highlights the triangular link
between extraction of natural resources, human suffering and the peace process
in DR Congo. The 1999 Lusaka peace accord does not incorporate the
natural-resource issue (which is part of the reason for its failure). It is
argued that an addendum must be made to handle that issue. The report contains
explicit recommendations to donor governments and agencies. </div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Paris
R, 2004, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">At War’s End, Building Peace
after Civil Conflict, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, UK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Peck John E,
(undated), <b><i>Remilitarizing Africa for Corporate Profit, Foreign Policy,</i></b>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 45.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -45.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> <a href="http://www.bulatlat.net/news/3-27/3-27-reader-intro.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.bulatlat.net/news/3-27/3-27-reader-intro.html</span></a>
accessed 11 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Perkins John,
2004, <b><i>Confessions of an Economic Hitman, How the U.S. Uses Globalization
to Cheat Poor Countries Out of Trillions, </i></b>Democracy Now (interview with
Amy Goodman (31 December 2004, <a href="http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/12/31/1546207"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.democracynow.org/article.pl?sid=04/12/31/1546207</span></a>
accessed 11 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span class="presenter1"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Regan C, 2002, </span></span><span class="presenter1"><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">80:20 development in an
unequal world, </span></i></span><span class="presenter1"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">80:20 Educating &
Acting for a Better World, Co Wicklow, Ireland, 237-253 <o:p></o:p></span></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Robertson G,
1999, 2000, <b><i>Crimes Against Humanity</i></b>, Penguin Australia, P63-64 President
Mobutu of Zaire fails to account for human rights abuses, P73 President Mobutu
of Zaire given international aid to care for Rwandan refugees - used the money
for his own personal gain. Refugee camps
run by Interhamwe<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">The American Non Government
Organizations Coalition for The International Criminal Court<b><i>, </i></b>2002,
<b><i>Bilateral
Immunity Agreements</i></b>, </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 10pt;">http://www.amicc.org/usinfo/administration_policy_BIAs.html</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> accessed 3 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Todd
Judith, 1967, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Rhodesia, </span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">MacGibbon
& Kee/Panther, London, UK <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Trainer T, 2
July 2002,<b><u><span style="color: blue;"> </span></u><i>If You Want Affluence, Prepare for War, </i></b>University
of NSW, Kensington, Australia, Published in Democracy and Nature, 8, <u><span style="color: blue;"><a href="http://www.artsunsw.edu.au/tsw/D62IfYouWantAffluence.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.artsunsw.edu.au/tsw/D62IfYouWantAffluence.html</span></a>
</span></u>accessed 9 October 2005<u><span style="color: blue;"><o:p></o:p></span></u></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UN Reliefweb<b>, <i>DRC:
Uganda accused of violating UN charter by entering DRC</i></b>, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://wwww.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/6686f45896f15dbc852567ae00530132/8c12f28fe5c94adcc1256a9a0035835b?OpenDocument"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://wwww.reliefweb.int/w/rwb.nsf/6686f45896f15dbc852567ae00530132/8c12f28fe5c94adcc1256a9a0035835b?OpenDocument</span></a>
accessed 19 September 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UN DPKO MONUC
Mission <a href="http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/monuc/"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.un.org/Depts/dpko/missions/monuc/</span></a>
accessed 17 August 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UN Security
Council, <b><i>Report of the Panel of Experts on the Illegal Exploitation of Natural
Resources and Other Forms of Wealth of the Democratic Republic of the Congo
(S/2001/357), </i></b>12 Apr 2001, S/2001/357 Letter dated 12 April 2001 from
the Secretary-General to the President of the Security Council <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">UN, 2002<b>, UN Report on looting of the Congo by
foreign armies: <i>*Cursed by Riches: Who
Benefits from Resource Exploitation in the Democratic Republic of Congo? </i></b>London,
2002, All Party Parliamentary Group on the Great Lakes Region and Genocide
Prevention. <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBlockText">
<span lang="EN-AU"> "The role of Uganda in the
DRC conflict has continued to be a concern.
Allegations about the Ugandan army role in resource exploitation and
human rights violations, especially in the Ituri region, need to be fully
appraised in measuring the success of the (Department for International
Development) country programme".</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">UNDP, 2003</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">Human </span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">Development Reports, 2003</span></i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">,</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> <i>Uganda,</i> </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.undp.org/hdr2003/indicator/cty_f_UGA.html">http://www.undp.org/hdr2003/indicator/cty_f_UGA.html</a>
</span></span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">accessed 29 September 2005</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">UN OCHA, IRIN Web News, 2002</span><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">Irin Web Special on
Ituri Eastern DRC</span></i><i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span></i><span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/Ituri"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.irinnews.org/webspecials/Ituri</span></a>
accessed 19 September 2005, <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoBodyText" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span lang="EN-AU" style="font-size: 10pt;"> UN
reports regarding the humanitarian situation in Ituri Province and the role of
Ugandan and Rwandan armies</span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: .0001pt; margin-bottom: 0cm; margin-left: 36.0pt; margin-right: 49.5pt; margin-top: 0cm; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">USAID, 2004,
Office of Conflict Management and Mitigation, <b><i>The Development Challenge,</i></b>
<a href="http://www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2005/cent_prog/central_dcha_conflict.html"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.usaid.gov/policy/budget/cbj2005/cent_prog/central_dcha_conflict.html</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="H1" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">US Department of State</span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, </span></i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">12 February 2003, </span><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Countries Who
Have Signed Article 98 Agreements With the United States, </span></i><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/21539.htm">http://www.state.gov/r/pa/prs/ps/2003/21539.htm</a>
</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">accessed 3
October 2005</span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></b></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">US Department
of Defense, September 1999, <b><i>Foreign Military Sales, Foreign Military
Construction Sales and Military Assistance Facts as of September 1998</i></b>,
Washington DC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">US Department
of State, October 2003, <b><i>Background Note: Democratic Republic of
Congo,</i></b> <a href="http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2823.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/2823.htm</span></a>
accessed 16 September 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">US Department of State,
February 1998, <b><i>Background Notes – Uganda</i></b>, </span><span class="MsoHyperlink"><span style="font-size: 10pt;"><a href="http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/uganda_0298_bgn.html">http://www.state.gov/www/background_notes/uganda_0298_bgn.html</a>
</span></span><span style="font-size: 10pt;">accessed
3 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">van
Niekerk Phillip, 2005, The Center for Public Integrity, Investigative
Journalism in the Public Interest , </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Making a Killing: The
Business of War</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, <a href="http://www.publicintegrity.org/bow/report.aspx?aid=147"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.publicintegrity.org/bow/report.aspx?aid=147</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005 <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">VESELY MILAN, <strong><span style="font-weight: normal;">1998,</span></strong> <strong><i>Africa's New "Friend"- Is the US just playing catch-up, or
stumbling toward neo-colonialism? </i></strong><a href="http://www.towardfreedom.com/1998/feb98/us.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.towardfreedom.com/1998/feb98/us.htm</span></a>
accessed 11 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Vesperini
Helen, BBC, Goma, DRC, 1 August 2001, <b><i>Congo’s Coltan Rush</i></b>, <a href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1468772.stm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/africa/1468772.stm</span></a>
accessed 11 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Ware Natalie D, American
University, December<b><i> </i></b>2001, <b><i>Congo War and the Role of Coltan, </i></b><a href="http://www.american.edu/TED/ice/congo-coltan.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.american.edu/TED/ice/congo-coltan.htm</span></a>
accessed 18 September 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> (Information available from
several references in this document)<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Wikipedia,
2005, <a href="http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonas_Savimbi</span></a>
accessed 9 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Willett Susan, CAAT, May 1999, </span><b><i><span style="font-size: 10pt;">The Arms Trade, Debt & Development</span></i></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">, <a href="http://www.caat.org.uk/information/publications/economics/debt-and-development-0599.php"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.caat.org.uk/information/publications/economics/debt-and-development-0599.php</span></a>
accessed 8 October 2005<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Wright George,
1998, <b><i>Mobuto was Chaos, </i></b>Zmag, Mobuto and the part he played in the
overthrow of Lumumba, with CIA assistance, accessed 18 May 2004<b> </b><a href="http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/June97Wright.htm"><span style="font-family: Verdana, sans-serif;">http://www.zmag.org/ZMag/articles/June97Wright.htm</span></a>
<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Zenit.org, 27
August 2005,<b><i> Weapons: A Trillion-Dollar Trade Spending on Arms Continues
to Rise, </i></b>Stockholm, Sweden<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt; text-indent: -42.55pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<b>Annex A </b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
</div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" style="background-color: white; border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #333333; font-family: Arial, sans-serif; font-size: 12px; line-height: 18px; text-indent: 0px;"><tbody style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;">
<tr style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;"><td align="left" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" valign="top"><span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><i><br style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px;" /></i></b></span><br />
<div class="titel" style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #1e5a7b; font-size: 16px;">
<span style="font-family: Times, 'Times New Roman', serif;"><b><i>Supporting the War Economy in the DRC: European Companies and the Coltan Trade</i></b></span></div>
<i style="border-bottom-width: 0px; border-color: initial; border-image: initial; border-left-width: 0px; border-right-width: 0px; border-style: initial; border-top-width: 0px; color: #999999;">Jeroen Cuvelier & Tim Raeymaekers, January 2002</i></td></tr>
</tbody></table>
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 36.0pt; text-indent: -36.0pt;">
<a href="http://www.ipisresearch.be/publications_detail.php?id=197&lang=en">http://www.ipisresearch.be/publications_detail.php?id=197&lang=en</a>
<br />
<br />
<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;">
<a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZFs8qWwJXC4pfgATRiR2ANjtznPlAi-e4D6WbvWXQb8Y5dd3wGw5ydjlOpiu5-CeVCO5CQiWJ8FSKpdAVtgvmpG0bskrKAT-H8D7BBAYDAv5hL3NZu8uSbuLjiPwqKESgI0VwHcFWA9I/s1600/viewer.png" imageanchor="1" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img border="0" height="451" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjZFs8qWwJXC4pfgATRiR2ANjtznPlAi-e4D6WbvWXQb8Y5dd3wGw5ydjlOpiu5-CeVCO5CQiWJ8FSKpdAVtgvmpG0bskrKAT-H8D7BBAYDAv5hL3NZu8uSbuLjiPwqKESgI0VwHcFWA9I/s640/viewer.png" width="640" /></a><b style="text-align: left; text-indent: -36pt;"><span style="font-size: large;">Annex A </span></b></div>
</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 11pt;">The Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): A List of Combatants 2003: <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Hutu Interhamwe militia</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> - mostly from <b>Rwanda</b>
and responsible for 1994 genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Former Hutu members of the Rwandan military</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> - also responsible for 1994
genocide of Tutsis in Rwanda <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Mayi Mayi - group of traditional Congolese local security forces</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;"> These groups operate inside
the DRC supporting the government "often as guerrillas operating inside
territory held by anti-government forces" (U.S. State 2001) <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Libya - provides arms and logistical support but no troops <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">North Korea - sent advisors to train government troops <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Rwanda - supports Congolese Rally for Democracy based in Goma
(RCD/Goma) and Congolese Rally for Democracy based in Bunia (RCD/Goma)</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">; majority Tutsi <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Uganda - supports the Movement for the Liberation of the Congo (MLC)</span></b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">; mainly non-Tutsi<b> Burundi - fights against various Hutu
groups based in the DRC</b> that are against the Tutsi-led Burundi government <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Angola - supports the government of the DRC <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Namibia - supports the government of the DRC <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Zimbabwe - supports the government of the DRC <o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Sudan - supports the Alliance of Democratic Forces (ADF); Ugandan
expatriates against the government of Uganda<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">Prices of rare minerals quoted from the Porter Inquiry, Kampala,
2002-2003<o:p></o:p></span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal" style="margin-left: 42.55pt; tab-stops: 21.3pt;">
<b><span style="font-size: 10pt;">(note discrepancies in Uganda’s production and export figures – not
including smuggling)</span><o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Coltan: Production, 1994=0.435 tons, 1995=1.824 tons
(subsequently NIL) - export 1997=2.57 tons, 1998=18.57 tons, 1999=69.50 tons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoEndnoteText">
80% of production in Australia <o:p></o:p></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">80% of reserves in DRC<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Niobium: Production =NIL - export 1997=US$13,000,
1998=US$580,000, 1999=US$782,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Diamonds:
Production =NIL - export 1996=NIL, 1997=US$198,302, 2001=US$2,539,000<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;">Gold: Production, 2000= 0.0044 tons - export, 2000=10.83
tons<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Jan. 2000:
Coltan fetches $40/lb <o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<span style="font-size: 10pt;"> Dec. 2000: Coltan fetches $380/lb<o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><span style="font-size: large;"> Annex B</span></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
I have included some charts on US military ‘aid’ for further
interest. Note that both Zimbabwe and Uganda were the recipients of the most
military aid when they were both sending their military into DRC to plunder its
resources, rigging elections and practising torture.</div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b><i><u>African Militaries Trained by the U.S., 1997-98</u></i></b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 21.0pt;">
<td style="height: 21.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Angola<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Ghana </div>
</td>
<td style="height: 21.0pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Rwanda<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Benin </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Guinea </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Sao Tome & Principe </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Botswana </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Guinea-Bissau </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Senegal<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Cameroon </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Ivory Coast </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Seychelles </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Cape Verde </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Kenya </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Sierra Leone<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Central African Republic </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Lesotho </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
South Africa </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Chad<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Madagascar </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Swaziland </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Comoros </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Malawi </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tanzania </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Congo (Braz.)<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Mali </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Togo </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Cote d’Ivoirie </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Mauritania </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Tunisia </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Djibouti </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Mozambique </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Uganda<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Eritrea<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Namibia<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Zambia </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Ethiopia<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 88.95pt;" valign="top" width="119"><div class="MsoNormal">
Niger </div>
</td>
<td style="padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 86.35pt;" valign="top" width="115"><div class="MsoNormal">
Zimbabwe<b>*</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>* Engaged in conflict
1997-98 - </b>The above table includes IMET, JCET, and ACRI </div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>TABLE 1: Post-Cold
War U.S. Arms Transfers to Governments Involved in the Congo War, 1989-1998(in
constant 1998 dollars) </b></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.25pt;">
<td style="border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Country</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Foreign Military Sales</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Commercial Sales</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>TOTAL</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Angola </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
0 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
31,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
31,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Burundi </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
74,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
312,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
386,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Chad </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
21,767,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
24,677,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
46,444,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
DRC </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
15,151,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
218,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
15,369,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Namibia </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
2,311,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,934,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
4,245,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Rwanda </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
324,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
0 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
324,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Sudan </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
30,258,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,815,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
32,073,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Uganda </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,517,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
9,903,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
11,420,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
Zimbabwe </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
567,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
828,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,395,000 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.25pt;">
<td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.75pt; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 71.4pt;" valign="top" width="95"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>TOTAL</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.6pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b>71,969,000</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b>39,718,000</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 80.7pt;" valign="top" width="108"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b>111,687,000</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<b>TABLE 2: Post-Cold
War International Military Education and Training (IMET) to Countries Involved
in the Congo War, 1989-1998 (constant 1998 dollars)<o:p></o:p></b></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<table border="0" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0" class="MsoNormalTable" style="border-collapse: collapse; margin-left: 5.25pt; mso-padding-alt: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; mso-table-layout-alt: fixed;">
<tbody>
<tr style="height: 26.25pt;">
<td style="border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>Country</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>IMET $ Value</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-left: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 26.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="center" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: center;">
<b>No. of STUDENTS </b></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 14.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Angola </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
177,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 14.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
5 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Burundi </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,324,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
53 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Chad </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,968,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
115 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Congo </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,229,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
50 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Namibia </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,589,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
111 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Rwanda </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
1,425,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
66 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Sudan </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
154,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
0 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 16.5pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Uganda </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
3,856,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 16.5pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
154 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 17.25pt;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
Zimbabwe </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
2,661,000 </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 17.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
176 </div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 8.25pt;">
<td style="background: white; border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="top" width="110"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
<td style="background: white; border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 8.25pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="top" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
</td>
</tr>
<tr style="height: 27.75pt; mso-yfti-lastrow: yes;">
<td style="border-top: none; border: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="103"><div class="MsoNormal">
<b>TOTAL</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 82.15pt;" valign="bottom" width="110"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b>14,383,000</b> </div>
</td>
<td style="border-bottom: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-left: none; border-right: ridge windowtext 2.25pt; border-top: none; height: 27.75pt; mso-border-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-left-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; mso-border-top-alt: three-d-emboss windowtext 2.25pt; padding: 0cm 5.25pt 0cm 5.25pt; width: 77.45pt;" valign="bottom" width="103"><div align="right" class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: right;">
<b>730</b> </div>
</td>
</tr>
</tbody></table>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
Source: Department of Defense, Foreign Military Sales,
Foreign Military Construction Sales and Military Assistance Facts<b><i>,
Foreign Military Sales, Construction, and Assistance Facts as of September
1998, </i></b>(Washington, DC: U.S. Department of Defense, 1999).<span style="font-size: 10pt;"><o:p></o:p></span></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br /></div>
<div class="MsoNormal">
<br />
<div class="MsoNormal">
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